Pharm2

Question 1

Therapeutic range

Answer 1

concentration of the drug you need to get in circulation to see the therapeutic effect being manifest

Question 2

Dosage Regimen

Answer 2

• The amount, route, frequency, and duration of drug administration
• Determines the amount of drug being administered to an animal, based on:
1. Dose
2. Dosage interval

Question 3

Route of Administration

Answer 3

• Drugs must be administered in a form and by a route that will allow them to reach their target site in the body
o Topical
o Oral
o Inhalation

Question 4

Dose

Answer 4

Amount of drug given at one time (dry weight measure)

Question 5

Dosage interval

Answer 5

length of time between administration of
	separate doses (e.g. 6,8, 12, 24 hrs.)

Question 6

Topical

Answer 6

Local effect

Question 7

Oral

Answer 7

by mouth

Slow systemic effect, less absorption vs. IV routes

Question 8

Parenteral

Answer 8

drugs administered by injection

Question 9

Route of systemic effect vs local effect

Answer 9

IV, IM, SC (systemic effect)

Intraarticular, Intraocular, Intradermal, Intraperitoneal, Intramedullary (local effect)

Question 10

Pharmacokinetics- steps

Answer 10

1. Drug Absorption
2. Drug Distribution
3. Drug Metabolism
4. Drug Elimination

Question 11

Pharmacokinetics

Answer 11

Sequence of events that occur once a drug is administered

Question 12

Drug Absorption

Answer 12

• Movement of drug from administration site into systemic circulation

Question 13

What can affect drug absorbtion

Answer 13

route of administration
drug’s hydrophilic/lipophilic nature
drug form
GI tract condition
Liver metabolism after GI absorption
Blood perfusion at administration site

Question 14

Bioavailability

Answer 14

the proportion of drugs administered that makes into the systemic circulation.

Question 15

Hydrophilic molecules

Answer 15

(ionized)

diffuse through fluid between cells

Question 16

Lipophilic molecules

Answer 16

(non-ionized)

diffuse across cellular membranes

Question 17

Drug Distributions

Answer 17

• Once in the systemic circulation drug must be distributed to target tissues
• By passive diffusion
• Initial distribution is to highly perfused tissueàbrain/vital organs
• Drugs enter target tissue at capillary level – capillary wall is thin

Question 18

The concentration reached by a drug in the blood stream is affected by:

Answer 18

o the fluid volume into which it will be distributed

o The extent to which it will be distributed throughout the body

Question 19

Drug Metabolism

Answer 19

Biotransformation
• Enzymes in the body transform drugs into secondary compounds (i.e. metabolites)
Step 1 Original drug->Metabolite 1
Step 2 Metabolite 1->Metabolite 2 (
Combine Metabolite 1 with glucuronic acid, sulfate, glycine
• Metabolites are hydrophilic and easily excreted in urine
• Metabolism occurs chiefly in the liver
• Drug interactions can occur during metabolism
• Drug metabolism differs between species and even between individuals of the same species

Question 20

Drug interactions can occur during metabolism

Answer 20

• Competitive inhibition

* Enzyme induction

Question 21

Drug Elimination

Answer 21

• Removal of a drug from the body occurs at the kidney and at the liver
• Renal excretion is the most important route
*Poor renal blood flow can lead to toxicity
• Drug elimination rates are dependent on a drug’s half-life
• Drug’s half-life is used to determine dosage interval and withdrawal time