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pharmacology > pharm medications exam 2 > Flashcards

pharm medications exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Pseudoephedrine ((NSAIDs), Antihistamine, and Decongestant Combinations) alpha-1 agonist

A

MOA: stimulates alpha-1 receptor in
respiratory tract, leading to shrinkage
of swollen nasal mucous membranes,
decreasing nasal congestion
indication: upper nasal congestion
SE: increased blood
pressure, urinary retention,
nervousness
NI/CE: monitor
elevated blood pressure
CI: Glaucoma, hypertension

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2
Q

Tamsulosin (alpha-1 antagonist)

A

MOA: block alpha 1- receptor in the
prostate, this causes relaxation of bladder
and prostate and improves urine flow
indication: Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
SE: orthostatic hypotension and
syncope (30-90 minutes after first
dose)
NI/CE: 30 mins after meal, swallow whole, monitor BP
CI: kidney and liver problems, low BP

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3
Q

Clonidine (alpha-2 agonist)

A

MOA: reduces sympathetic outflow from CNS and decreases peripheral resistance
indication: hypertension and ADHD
SE: hypotension, bradycardia, sedation, rebound hypertension if stopped abruptly
NI/CE: orthostatic blood pressure changes
CI: avoid alcohol

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4
Q

Dobutamine (beta-1 agonist)

A

MOA: stimulates beta-1 receptor
to increase heart rate, force
contractions and velocity
indication: cardiogenic shock and
severe heart failure to increase
contractility and cardiac output
SE: increased heart rate and blood pressure. too much may cause labored breathing, angina, palpitations and dizziness
NI/CE: monitor EKG, blood pressure, cardiac output
CI: hypokalemia, hypertension, acute MI

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5
Q

Metoprolol (beta-1 antagonist)

A

MOA: Selectively block beta-1 receptors in
the SNS
indication: high blood pressure,
angina, abnormal heart rate
SE: bradycardia, hypotension, drowsiness, stroke
NI/CE: monitor BP, ECG, and pulse frequently during dose adjustment and periodically during therapy
CI: Sinus bradycardia, heart block,
cardiogenic shock, CHF, and hypotension, COPD, diabetes, thyroid disease

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6
Q

Albuterol (short acting beta-2 agonist)

A

MOA: reacts as an agonist at beta-receptor sites in the sympathetic nervous system to cause bronchodilation via smooth muscle relaxation
indication: asthma, exercise induced asthma
SE: fear, anxiety, restlessness, headache, sore throat, dizziness, nausea, palpitation, tachycardia
NI/CE: monitor respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, and lungs sounds before and after administration
CI: hypersensitivy

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7
Q

Propranolol (non-selective B blocker)

A

MOA: competitively blocks beta-adrenergic receptor in the heart and juxtaglomerular apparatus
indication: hypertension, angina, idiopathic hypertrophic sub aortic stenosis, MI, migraine, anxiety, hemangioma
SE: allergic reaction, bradycardia, heart failure, gastric pain, bronchospasm
NI/CE: monitor signs of peripheral vasoconstriction, such as extreme coldness in the hands and feet, cyanosis, and muscle cramping.
CI: diabetes, asthma, heart failure

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8
Q

Epinephrine (Nonselective Adrenergic Agonist Drug)

A

MOA: induces increased vascular smooth muscle contraction, pupillary dilator muscle contraction, and intestinal sphincter muscle contraction
indication: anaphylactic shock, cardiac stimulant
SE: stroke, MI, apnea, oliguria
NI/CE: monitored for heart rate, cardiac rhythm, and blood pressure frequently if an IV drip is to be infused
CI: hypersensitivity to sympathomimetic drugs, closed-angle glaucoma, anesthesia with halothane

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9
Q

Norepinephrine (catecholamine) (Nonselective Adrenergic Agonist
Drug)

A

MOA: acts on both alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenergic receptors to cause vasoconstriction
indication: Treat shock or during cardiac arrest to get sympathetic activity
SE: bradycardia, edema, necrosis, anxiety, headache
NI/CE: monitor blood pressure and apical pulse continuously during norepinephrine therapy
CI: none

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10
Q

Dopamine (Nonselective Adrenergic Agonist
Drug)

A

MOA: directly stimulates alpha, beta and peripheral dopaminergic receptors in a dose-dependent manner
indication: shock
SE: ventricular tachycardia, azotemia, hypotension, dyspnea
NI/CE: monitor blood pressure, pulse, and peripheral pulses every 15 minutes. Monitor hourly urine output. cardiac monitor should be used on patients receiving dopamine infusion.
CI: kidney or liver disease, high BP, psychosis

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11
Q

Pilocarpine (direct acting muscarinic agonist)

A

MOA: reduce intraocular pressure
indication: glaucoma
SE: bradycardia, blurry vision, gastritis, fractures
NI/CE: remove contact lens before administration. Apply light finger pressure on lacrimal sac for 2 minutes after instilling to minimize systemic absorption
CI: uncontrolled asthma, known hypersensitivity to pilocarpine, and when miosis is undesirable

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12
Q

Pyridostigmine (Indirect-Acting Muscarinic Cholinergic
Agonists)

A

MOA: to inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) from breaking down acetylcholine (ACh), a neurotransmitter
indication: Myasthenia gravis
SE: seizures, diarrhea, depression, pallor
NI/CE: Do not take more or less of it or take it more often than prescribed by your doctor
CI: mechanical intestinal or urinary obstruction

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13
Q

Donepezil (Indirect-Acting Muscarinic Cholinergic
Agonists)

A

MOA: inhibit the acetylcholinesterase enzyme in the brain
indication: alzheimers
SE: pancreatitis, bradycardia, seizures, constipation, hallucinations
NI/CE: administer with food in order to minimize GI upset
CI: hypersensitivity

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14
Q

Atropine (anticholinergic drug)

A

MOA: Avoid driving or operating heavy machinery while under the influence of atropine.
indication: cardiac arrest, aspiration phalaxysis
SE: coma, seizures, MI, ileus, tachycardia
NI/CE: avoid driving or operating heavy machinery while under the influence of atropine.
CI: glaucoma, pyloric stenosis, thyrotoxicosis, fever, urinary tract obstruction and ileus

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15
Q

Oxybutynin (anticholinergic drug)

A

MOA: acts to relax the bladder by inhibiting the muscarinic action of acetylcholine on smooth muscle
indication: neurogenic bladder with symptoms of urge urinary incontinence, urinary urgency, and urinary frequency
SE: bronchospasm, seizures, angioedema, dysuria
NI/CE: monitor effects
CI: urinary retention, gastric retention and other severe decreased gastrointestinal motility conditions, uncontrolled narrow-angle glaucoma

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16
Q

Benztropine (anticholinergic drug)

A

MOA: to block muscarinic receptors in the central nervous system (CNS) and smooth muscles
indication: Parkinson’s
SE: ileus, hypertension, nausea, fever
NI/CE: Instruct the patient to notify their healthcare provider if experiencing palpitations, tachycardia, or irregular heartbeat
CI: history of hypersensitivity to benztropine mesylate or any component of the drug formulation and children aged under 3

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17
Q

Scopolamine (anticholinergic drug)

A

MOA: an anticholinergic that competes with acetylcholine for muscarinic receptors
indication: nausea, vomiting
SE: seizures, visual impairment, bradycardia
NI/CE: monitor psychosis
CI: glaucoma, pyloric obstruction, or urinary bladder neck obstruction

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18
Q

amoxicillin (b-lactam antibiotics)

A

MOA: to inhibit the synthesis of bacterial cell walls, which makes bacteria vulnerable to osmotic pressure and causes them to die
indication: pneumonia, meningitis,
otitis media, strep throat, syphilis
SE: gi distress, yeast infection, c diff, black hairy tongue, hypersensitivity, anaphylaxis
NI/CE: even space dosages, monitor for superinfections, consider probiotics
CI: Allergies to penicillin or
cephalosporins

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19
Q

clavulanate (b-lactam antibiotics)

A

MOA: to inhibit the synthesis of bacterial cell walls, which makes bacteria vulnerable to osmotic pressure and causes them to die
indication: pneumonia, meningitis,
otitis media, strep throat, syphilis
SE: gi distress, yeast infection, c diff, black hairy tongue, hypersensitivity, anaphylaxis
NI/CE: even space dosages, monitor for superinfections, consider probiotics
CI: Allergies to penicillin or
cephalosporins

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20
Q

Cephalexin (first gen, Cephalosporins)

A

MOA: Inhibit bacterial
cell wall synthesis
indication: Treat
skin infections, including MRSA
SE: GI distress, bleeding, Superinfections (black/ furry tongue, yeast infection, C.Diff
NI/CE: Monitor for signs of superinfection, Interact with alcohol
CI: Renal impairment, alcohol

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21
Q

cefprozil (second gen, Cephalosporins)

A

MOA: Inhibit bacterial
cell wall synthesis
indication: Treat respiratory
infection
SE: GI distress, bleeding, Superinfections (black/ furry tongue, yeast infection, C.Diff
NI/CE: Monitor for signs of superinfection, Interact with alcohol
CI: Renal impairment, alcohol

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22
Q

ceftriaxone (third gen Cephalosporins)

A

MOA: Inhibit bacterial
cell wall synthesis
indication: Treat
respiratory, urinary, skin
SE: GI distress, bleeding, Superinfections (black/ furry tongue, yeast infection, C.Diff
NI/CE: Monitor for signs of superinfection, Interact with alcohol
CI: Renal impairment, alcohol

23
Q

cefepime (fourth gen, Cephalosporins)

A

MOA: Inhibit bacterial
cell wall synthesis
indication: More serious infections:
pneumonia, meningitis, kidney
SE: GI distress, bleeding, Superinfections (black/ furry tongue, yeast infection, C.Diff
NI/CE: Monitor for signs of superinfection, Interact with alcohol
CI: Renal impairment, alcohol

24
Q

imipenem (carbapenem)

A

MOA: acts as an antimicrobial through the inhibition of cell wall synthesis of various gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria
indication: skin, tissue, joint, respiratory tract, intraabdominal, urinary tract, meningitis, endocarditis
SE: gi distress, seizures
NI/CE: monitor for superinfection
CI: patients who have shown hypersensitivity to any component of this product

25
Q

aztreonam (monobactams)

A

MOA: Inhibit bacterial cell wall
synthesis
indication: pulmonary exacerbation
SE: bronchospasm, gi bleeding, seizures
NI/CE: temporary discontinuation of nursing and use of formula feedings
CI: hypersensitivity

26
Q

sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (sulfonamides)

A

MOA: inhibit the synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins in bacteria by blocking two consecutive steps in the folate biosynthesis pathway
indication: urinary tract infections, ear infections, traveler’s diarrhea, skin infections
SE: photosensitivity
(more common), crystalluria,
hypersensitivity (severe)
NI/CE: known allergy to this, discuss risk, encourage hydration
CI: kidney, liver disease, blood disorders

27
Q

levofloxacin (Fluoroquinolone)

A

MOA: Inhibit bacterial DNA replication
indication: Pneumonia, complication urinary or skin infections
SE: gi upset, photosensitivity, dizziness, tendon ruptures, c diff
NI/CE: avoid sunlight, antacids, renal function tests
CI: diabetes, joint/tendon problems (such as tendonitis, bursitis), kidney problems, mental/mood disorders

28
Q

azithromycin (Macrolides)

A

MOA: Inhibit RNA synthesis
indication: Respiratory infections,
ear infections and Chlamydia
SE: GI upset, drowsiness,
QT prolongation
NI/CE: advise to take with food in
GI upset
CI: severe hypersensitivity

29
Q

streptomycin/gentamicin (Antibacterials:
Amino glycosides)

A

MOA: Inhibit protein
synthesis
indication: To treat endocarditis or
abdominal infections
SE: gi upset, rash, nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity
NI/CE: monitor peak and trough, assess hearing
CI: renal or hepatic disease, hearing loss

30
Q

tetracycline/ doxycycline

A

MOA: inhibit the initiation of translation in variety of ways by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit
indication: Acne, Lyme disease
SE: GI upset, C. Diff, photosensitivity,
superinfections, teeth staining in
children
NI/CE: avoid sun, dairy, antacids, iron
CI: Known allergy to tetracyclines, Children under 8 (cause teeth staining), Pregnancy

31
Q

Acyclovir (topical antivirals)

A

MOA: inhibit viral DNA replication by competing with deoxyguanosine triphosphate for the viral DNA polymerase enzyme
indication: virus infection, herpes
SE: coma, seizures, nausea, vomit
NI/CE: Avoid contact with cutaneous or mucosal lesions when treating patient
CI: renal failure/impairment, immunocompromised host, potential risk of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), and hemolytic uremic syndrome

32
Q

Oseltamivir

A

MOA: inhibiting the activity of the viral neuraminidase enzyme found on the surface of the virus
indication: flu,
SE: gi bleeding, seizures, delirium, rash, headache
NI/CE: monitor patient
CI: fructose, allergies

33
Q

clotrimazole (azoles)

A

MOA: to damage the fungal cytoplasmic membrane’s permeability barrier, which inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol
indication: cutaneous candidiasis
SE: vaginal pain, edema, nausea, diarrhea
NI/CE: avoid contact, wash hands frequently
CI: Onychomycosis, hypersensitivity

34
Q

Nystatin (topical antifungals)

A

MOA: acts by binding to sterols in the plasma membranes of fungi causing the cells to leak, eventually leading to fungal cell death
indication: gastrointestinal candidiasis and cutaneous and mucocutaneous candidiasis
SE: bronchospasm, diarhhea, nausea, vomiting, skin irritation
NI/CE: avoid lesion, wash hands
CI: hypersensitivity

35
Q

ketoconazole

A

MOA: to inhibit the cytochrome P450 14α-demethylase enzyme, which prevents the synthesis of ergosterol in fungal cell membrane
indication: chromomycosis
SE: angioedema, papilledema
NI/CE: Avoid contact with cutaneous lesions when treating patient, Always wash hands thoroughly
CI: liver disease, hypersensitivity, myopathy

36
Q

Amphotericin B. (Polyene Antifungals
Topical Dermatological Antifungals)

A

MOA: binds to ergosterol in the fungal cell membrane, which leads to the formation of pores, ion leakage and ultimately fungal cell death.
indication: CNS infections
SE: oliguria, renal failure, anuria, heart failure
NI/CE: Ensure patient is adequately hydrated before and during therapy
CI: anti-cancer drugs,

37
Q

vancomycin

A

MOA:
indication: Treat serious gram-positive
infections like MRSA
SE: Nephrotoxic, Ototoxic,
“red man syndrome”
NI/CE:
CI: Administer over 60 minutes or more (avoid rapid infusion)

38
Q

isoniazid (Other Agents for Tuberculosis)

A

MOA: inhibiting the synthesis of mycologic acids
indication: TB
SE: lupus like symptoms, seizures, pancreatitis
NI/CE: Always wash hands thoroughly and disinfect equipment (whirlpools, electrotherapeutic devices, treatment tables, and so forth) to help prevent the spread of infection
CI: drug fever, chills, arthritis; and acute liver disease of any etiology.

39
Q

phenobarbitual (barbituates)

A

MOA: barbiturates are non-selective CNS depressants with sedative-hypnotic actions
indication: control seizures
SE: drowsiness, anxiety, vertigo
NI/CE: monitor breathing, fluid balances,
CI:

40
Q

lorazepam (benzodiazepines)

A

MOA:act at the level of the limbic, thalamic, and hypothalamic regions of the CNS, and can produce any level of CNS depression required including sedation, hypnosis, skeletal muscle relaxation, anticonvulsant activity, and coma.
indication: treat generalized anxiety
SE: nausea, diarrhea, vertigo
NI/CE: monitor vital signs, don’t take if pregnant
CI:

41
Q

methylphenidate (CNS stiumulant)

A

MOA: Methylphenidate is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that is chemically similar to the amphetamines.
indication: treats ADHD
SE: insomnia, vomiting, nausea
NI/CE: avoid giving to patients with known heart problems
CI:

42
Q

amitriptyline (tricyclic antidepressant)

A

MOA:The precise action of tricyclic antidepressants is not fully understood, but it is believed that the most important effect is the decreased reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin.
indication: treatment of major depression
SE: agitation, syncope, nausea
NI/CE: can pass into breast milk. do not give to people 12 and under. may worse depression
CI:

43
Q

fluoxetine (SSRI)

A

MOA:The precise antidepressant effect of SSRIs is not fully understood, but involves selective serotonin reuptake blockade at the neuronal membrane, which enhances the actions of serotonin
indication: treatment for major depression
SE: gastritis,dysphagia, photophobia
NI/CE: may cause suicidal thoughts, drowsiness and anxiety
CI:

44
Q

citalopram (SSRI)

A

MOA:involves selective serotonin reuptake blockade at the neuronal membrane, which enhances the actions of serotonin
indication: treats depression
SE: tremor, fatigue, norexia
NI/CE: report any tachypenia
CI:

45
Q

venlafaxine (SNRI)

A

MOA: a serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor
indication: treats major depression
SE: weight loss, insomnia, weakness
NI/CE: monitor for increased suicidal thoughts
CI:

46
Q

tranylcypromine (MAOI)

A

MOA:binds irreversibly to monoamine oxidase (MAO). Like other irreversible inhibitors, the MAO enzyme activity cannot be restored until the body replaces the enzyme through new enzyme synthesis
indication: major depression
SE: anorexia, weight loss, tremor
NI/CE: increased suicidal ideations. avoid foods with tyramine
CI:

47
Q

lithium (Antimanic)

A

MOA:Lithium competes at cellular sites with sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium ions. Lithium competes with these ions at intracellular binding sites, at protein surfaces, at carrier binding sites, and at transport sites.
indication: for bipolar disorder
SE: seizures, blurred vision, confusion
NI/CE: lithium concentration monitoring, monitor for toxicity
CI:

48
Q

haloperidol ( first gen antipsychotic)

A

MOA: The precise mechanism of action of conventional antipsychotics, such as haloperidol, is unknown; however, the therapeutic effect in treating the positive symptoms of schizophrenia (e.g., hallucinations, delusions) is thought to occur from blockade of central postsynaptic dopamine
indication: for schizophrenia
SE: headache, seizures, insomnia
NI/CE: monitor blood pressure, monitor for seizures, monitor for reactions
CI:

49
Q

risperidone ( second gen antipsychotic)

A

MOA:it has been proposed that central blockade of dopamine D2 in the mesolimbic pathway targets the positive symptoms of schizophrenia
indication: for treatment of schizophrenia
SE: vomiting, abdominal pain, hypersalivation
NI/CE: monitor for tachycardia or other arrythmeia
CI:

50
Q
A

MOA:
indication:
SE:
NI/CE:
CI:

51
Q

levetiracetam

A

MOA:Its antiepileptic effect does not appear to involve known mechanisms relating to inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmission
indication: treatment of seizures
SE: infection,lethargy, vomiting
NI/CE: document any seizure activities, depression or any suicidal ideations
CI:

52
Q

gabapentin

A

MOA:but it does not appear to be related to its development as a GABA analog. Animal studies have shown that gabapentin binds with high affinity in the brain but does not act at GABA receptors or inhibit sustained repetitive firing of sodium action potentials.
indication: for partial seizures or generalized tonic-clonic seizures
SE: drowsiness, dizziness, headache
NI/CE:
CI:

54
Q
A

MOA:
indication:
SE:
NI/CE:
CI:

pharmacology (9 decks)

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