pharm exam 3

Question 1

physiology of pain

Answer 1

sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage

Question 2

nociceptors

Answer 2

nerve endings that detect harmful stimuli and trigger the sensation of pain. They are the body’s first line of defense against potential damage, and are essential for maintaining the body’s integrity

Question 3

prostaglandins

Answer 3

a group of hormone-like substances that regulate many bodily processes, including:
Blood pressure, Blood clot formation, Blood flow, Healing, Inflammation, Labor induction, Menstruation, and Ovulation.

Question 4

acute pain

Answer 4

a short-term pain that has a known cause, such as an injury, surgery, or medical procedure

Question 5

chronic pain

Answer 5

a persistent feeling of discomfort that lasts longer than the normal healing period, usually more than 3 to 6 months

Question 6

fibromyalgia

Answer 6

pain and stiffness all over the body

Question 7

gout

Answer 7

-inflammatory arthritis in a joint (often big toe)
symptoms: intense pain in a joint, swelling, redness and heat
cause: uric acid
treatment: allopurinol

Question 8

multiple sclerosis

Answer 8

immune-mediated disease process on CNS
symptoms: fatigue, numbers, weakness, dizziness

Question 9

myasthenia gravis

Answer 9

autoimmune disease
symptoms: weakness in muscles

Question 10

assessment of pain

Answer 10

location
onset
timing
type
associated symptoms
alleviating factors

Question 11

allergies

Answer 11

a damaging immune response by the body to a substance, especially pollen, fur, a particular food, or dust, to which it has become hypersensitive.

Question 12

cold

Answer 12

a common viral infection in which the mucous membrane of the nose and throat becomes inflamed, typically causing running at the nose, sneezing, a sore throat, and other similar symptoms.

Question 13

anaphylaxis

Answer 13

severe allergic reaction to food or insect bite
- a life-threatening medical emergency
symptoms: swelling, skin rash, shortness of breath, loss of consciousness, drop in blood pressure, rapid, weak pulse, nausea and vomiting

Question 14

asthma

Answer 14

a chronic lung disease that causes inflammation and tightening of the muscles around the airways, making it difficult to breathe

Question 15

bronchitis

Answer 15

inflammation of bronchial tubes, narrowed airways
causes: occurs when bacteria, virus, or foreign material infects the inner lining of the bronchi
symptoms: cough, productive mucus, fatigue, and shortness of breath

Question 16

COPD

Answer 16

a common lung disease that makes it difficult to breathe and worsens over time
forms: emphysema, chronic bronchitis
patients with COPD: Chronic illness, vulnerability, dyspnea
often oxygen dependent

Question 17

erectile dysfunction

Answer 17

Lack of blood flow through
corpus cavernosum
* Medications associated
with chronic disease
* Mechanisms responsible
for ED effects
Sildenafil medications

Question 18

Coronary Artery Disease

Answer 18

Restriction in blood vessels
 Buildup of atherosclerosis

Question 19

Myocardial Infarction

Answer 19

If a coronary vessel becomes completely
occluded, cells in the myocardium become
necrotic and die
Symptoms: pain in chest, jaw, neck,
shoulder, abdomen, dyspnea, palpitations, nausea, sweating
angina can be helped with nitroglycerin

Question 20

Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)

Answer 20

Obstruction to carotid artery and
clot in the brain, Transient ischemic
attack (TIA): Mini- stroke

Question 21

Congestive Heart Failure

Question 22

Hypertension

Answer 22

Systole (>140)
* Period of contraction, or systole
* Blood is pumped out of the heart
Diastole (>90)
* Period of rest
* Blood is returned to the heart by veins
conditions: CAD and Cardiac
Death
Stroke
Renal Failure
Loss of Vision

Question 23

Hyperlipidemia

Answer 23

high cholesterol
Low-Density Lipoproteins (LDL)
* “Bad” cholesterol
* High-Density Lipoproteins (HDL)
* “Good” cholesterol
causes:Excessive dietary
intake of fats Genetic alterations
in fat metabolism leading to a variety
of elevated fats in the blood
Risks: plaque buildup and then clots
serum cholesterol and LDL decrease: lipitor

Question 24

Benign Hyperplasia of the Prostate (BPH)

Answer 24

Hesitancy, urgency,
frequency,
* difficulty starting a stream
or stopping a steam, can’t
fully empty bladder
Selective α1- adrenorecept or
antagonists Tamsulosin
5-α- reductase inhibitors
Finasteride