pharm exam 3 Flashcards
physiology of pain
sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage
nociceptors
nerve endings that detect harmful stimuli and trigger the sensation of pain. They are the body’s first line of defense against potential damage, and are essential for maintaining the body’s integrity
prostaglandins
a group of hormone-like substances that regulate many bodily processes, including:
Blood pressure, Blood clot formation, Blood flow, Healing, Inflammation, Labor induction, Menstruation, and Ovulation.
acute pain
a short-term pain that has a known cause, such as an injury, surgery, or medical procedure
chronic pain
a persistent feeling of discomfort that lasts longer than the normal healing period, usually more than 3 to 6 months
fibromyalgia
pain and stiffness all over the body
gout
-inflammatory arthritis in a joint (often big toe)
symptoms: intense pain in a joint, swelling, redness and heat
cause: uric acid
treatment: allopurinol
multiple sclerosis
immune-mediated disease process on CNS
symptoms: fatigue, numbers, weakness, dizziness
myasthenia gravis
autoimmune disease
symptoms: weakness in muscles
assessment of pain
location
onset
timing
type
associated symptoms
alleviating factors
allergies
a damaging immune response by the body to a substance, especially pollen, fur, a particular food, or dust, to which it has become hypersensitive.
cold
a common viral infection in which the mucous membrane of the nose and throat becomes inflamed, typically causing running at the nose, sneezing, a sore throat, and other similar symptoms.
anaphylaxis
severe allergic reaction to food or insect bite
- a life-threatening medical emergency
symptoms: swelling, skin rash, shortness of breath, loss of consciousness, drop in blood pressure, rapid, weak pulse, nausea and vomiting
asthma
a chronic lung disease that causes inflammation and tightening of the muscles around the airways, making it difficult to breathe
bronchitis
inflammation of bronchial tubes, narrowed airways
causes: occurs when bacteria, virus, or foreign material infects the inner lining of the bronchi
symptoms: cough, productive mucus, fatigue, and shortness of breath
COPD
a common lung disease that makes it difficult to breathe and worsens over time
forms: emphysema, chronic bronchitis
patients with COPD: Chronic illness, vulnerability, dyspnea
often oxygen dependent
erectile dysfunction
Lack of blood flow through
corpus cavernosum
* Medications associated
with chronic disease
* Mechanisms responsible
for ED effects
Sildenafil medications
Coronary Artery Disease
Restriction in blood vessels
Buildup of atherosclerosis
Myocardial Infarction
If a coronary vessel becomes completely
occluded, cells in the myocardium become
necrotic and die
Symptoms: pain in chest, jaw, neck,
shoulder, abdomen, dyspnea, palpitations, nausea, sweating
angina can be helped with nitroglycerin
Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)
Obstruction to carotid artery and
clot in the brain, Transient ischemic
attack (TIA): Mini- stroke
Congestive Heart Failure
Hypertension
Systole (>140)
* Period of contraction, or systole
* Blood is pumped out of the heart
Diastole (>90)
* Period of rest
* Blood is returned to the heart by veins
conditions: CAD and Cardiac
Death
Stroke
Renal Failure
Loss of Vision
Hyperlipidemia
high cholesterol
Low-Density Lipoproteins (LDL)
* “Bad” cholesterol
* High-Density Lipoproteins (HDL)
* “Good” cholesterol
causes:Excessive dietary
intake of fats Genetic alterations
in fat metabolism leading to a variety
of elevated fats in the blood
Risks: plaque buildup and then clots
serum cholesterol and LDL decrease: lipitor
Benign Hyperplasia of the Prostate (BPH)
Hesitancy, urgency,
frequency,
* difficulty starting a stream
or stopping a steam, can’t
fully empty bladder
Selective α1- adrenorecept or
antagonists Tamsulosin
5-α- reductase inhibitors
Finasteride
