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pharmacology > pharm exam 4 medication > Flashcards

pharm exam 4 medication Flashcards

1
Q

Glucagon injectable (90º) (thigh or butt or stomach) (SQ, IM, IV)

A

MOA: raises blood sugar through activation of hepatic glucagon receptors, stimulating glycogenolysis and the release of glucose
indication: treat severe hypoglycemia, usually to people who are passed out, EMERGENT
SE: nausea, vomit, hyperglycemia, toxic effect can be hypokalemia
NI/CE:
CI:

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2
Q

aspart (novolog) (insulin meds)

A

rapid-acting, onset:15-30 mins, peak: 1-3 hours, duration: 3-5 hours, administer within 15 minutes before meal, side effects hypoglycemia, hypokalemia

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3
Q

humulin R and regular insulin (insulin meds)

A

short acting, onset: 30 minutes, peak: 3 hours, duration: 8 hours, administer 30 minutes before meal, side effects: hypoglycemia and hypokalemia

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4
Q

humulin NPH (insulin meds)

A

intermediate acting, onset: 1-2 hours, peak: 6 hours, duration: up to 24 hours, administer once or twice daily, side effects: hypoglycemia, hypokalemia

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5
Q

glargine (lantus) (insulin meds)

A

long-acting, onset:3-4 hours, peak: none, duration: >24 hours, administer once daily, side effects: hypoglycemia and hypokalemia

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6
Q

Glipizide oral (Class: Sulfonylurea)

A

MOA: The beta cell of the pancreas secretes insulin has a sulfonylurea receptor. When stimulated the receptor causes the beta cell to release insulin
indication: lower sugar come down
SE: hypoglycemia
NI/CE:
CI:

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7
Q

Metformin oral (Class: Biguanide)

A

MOA:
indication:type 2 diabetes
SE: nausea, diarrhea, bloating
NI/CE:
CI:

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8
Q

Sitagliptin (Januvia) oral (Class: DPP4 inhibitor)

A

MOA:
indication: incretin modulator, help lower blood sugar, type 2
SE:weight, hypoglycemia, acute pancreatitis, upper respiratory infections, serious skin reactions
NI/CE: medications should be used with caution in
clients with renal disease
CI:

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9
Q

Empagliflozin (Jardiance) oral (Class: SGLT2 inhibitor)

A

MOA: inhibits SGLT2, which transports sodium-
glucose, so it reducing glucose and sodium
reabsorption, incr. urinary glucose excretion and
sodium delivery to distal tubule
indication: help lower blood sugar type 2
SE: Glucosuria, increased urination.
May cause serious urinary tract infections
NI/CE:
CI: Patients with decreased renal
function
advantages: weight loss and decrease CV risks

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10
Q

Semaglutide (Wygovy) injectable (Class: GLP-1 agonists)

A

MOA: GLP-1 receptor in the brain makes patient feel more full after a meal
indication: weekly injectable, incretin analogs, with a reduced calorie diet and increased physical activity
SE: diarrhea, nausea, vomit, headaches, dizziness, increased sweating, indigestion, constipation, loss of appetite, BLACK BOX WARNING: thyroid cancer
NI/CE:
CI:

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11
Q

Prednisone (PO) glucocorticoids

A

MOA:
indication: Short-term to reduce inflammation. Long- term for immunosuppression
SE: imbalances, increase blood glucose, muscle weakness, peptic ulcers, thin fragile skin, cushings syndrome, mask signs, poor healing
NI/CE:
CI: never stop abruptly, lowest dose possible, treatment for osteoporosis and blood glucose levels, adrenal suppression, untreated systemic infections

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12
Q

Methylprednisolone (IV) glucocorticoids

A

MOA:
indication: Short-term to reduce inflammation. Long-term for immunosuppression
SE: imbalances, increase blood glucose, muscle weakness, peptic ulcers, thin fragile skin, cushings syndrome, mask signs, poor healing
NI/CE:
CI: never stop abruptly, lowest dose possible, treatment for osteoporosis and blood glucose levels, adrenal suppression, untreated systemic infections

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13
Q

Fludrocortisone (mineralocorticoid)

A

MOA:
indication: Aldosterone replacement in
Addison’s disease
SE: retention of sodium and water, hypertension, edema, cardiac enlargement, CHF, potassium loss, hypokalemic alkalosis
NI/CE: monitor disease or stress, surgery, infection, trauma
CI:

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14
Q

Levothyroxine

A

MOA:
indication: hypothyroidism
SE: (we are replacing thyroid hormone, so SE might show signs of hyperthyroidism), nervousness, tremors, insomnia, tachycardia, palpitations, dysrhythmias, angina, shortness of breath
NI/CE:
CI:

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15
Q

Propylthiouracil (PTU)

A

MOA: Block synthesis of thyroid hormones
indication: hyperthyroidism
SE:
NI/CE: monitor cardiac, hypothyroidism, rash, N/V agranulocytosis and lupus
CI:

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16
Q

Calcitonin

A

MOA:
indication: osteoporosis
SE:
NI/CE:
CI:

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17
Q

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

A

MOA: Inhibit bacterial synthesis
indication: Uncomplicated UTI, Standard therapy in women
SE:
NI/CE:
CI:

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18
Q

Alendronate (biphosphonate)

A

MOA: Inhibits osteoclast-mediated bone
resorption. Reverses bone loss and decreases risk
of fracture
indication: Enhances bone mineral density in
osteoporosis
SE:
NI/CE:
CI:

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19
Q

Antacids - calcium carbonate (Tums)

A

MOA: Neutralize stomach acid and elevate pH
indication: Symptomatic relief of heartburn, acid indigestion and upset stomach
SE: Constipation, Hypercalcemia, Rebound acidity when stopped
NI/CE: come in tables, chewable, capsules and liquid, It can be taken three to four times a day, Do not administer within 1-2 hours or other medications, Drink a full glass of water after administration
CI: Kidney disease, GI obstruction

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20
Q

Histamine-2 (H2) receptor antagonist - Famotidine

A

MOA: Block histamine-2 receptor sites of parietal cell which reduces hydrochloric acid
indication: Heartburn, GERD, Peptic ulcer disease, erosive esophagitis, Adjunct treatment for upper GI bleeding
SE: Constipation or diarrhea, CNS effects (headaches or dizziness)
NI/CE: Available over the counter, but given IV in the hospital setting, Take 15-60 minutes before eating or
drinking
CI:

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21
Q

PPI – pantoprazole

A

MOA: Blocks the secretion of hydrochloric
acid at the proton pump
indication: GERD, erosive esophagitis, Prophylactic with surgery, In combination with antibiotics for H.Pylori infection, Short-term treatment of active
duodenal ulcers
SE: Headache, Abdominal pain, diarrhea or constipation, Acute renal dysfunction, Long-term: Osteoporosis & bone fracture, Potential zinc, magnesium, or B12 deficiency, Immediately report signs of bleeding ulcers such as coughing/vomiting of blood
NI/CE: Available orally, with an NG tube, or as IV injection in the hospital setting, Can be taken with or without food
CI:

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22
Q

Mucosal protectants - Sucralfate

A

MOA: Locally covers the ulcer site and protects the sites against acid, pepsin, and bile salts
indication: Promote ulcer healing
SE: constipation
NI/CE: Administer on an empty stomach, 2 hours after or 1 hour before meal
CI: Renal failure or dialysis

23
Q

Bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol)

A

MOA: Coats the lining of the GI tract and decreases the flow of fluids and electrolytes into the bowel, reducing
inflammation
indication: diarrhea and heartburn
SE: Black or darkened tongue, Black stool
NI/CE: Avoid taking other salicylates (aspirin), Avoid taking simultaneously with antibiotics (they will not work)
CI:

24
Q

Loperamide (Imodium) Opioid agonist

A

MOA: inhibits intestinal perstailis through direct effects on the longitudinal and circular muscles of the intestinal wall, slowing motility and movement of water and electroltyes
indication: acute diarhea, and chronic dairhea, most effective
SE: abdominal pain, distention, discomfort, dry mouth, nausea, constipation, dizziness, drowsiness, tired
NI/CE:
CI:

25
Q

Fiber supplements- psyllium (Metamucil)

A

MOA: absorbs water
indication: constipation, chronic, safest laxative
SE:
NI/CE:
CI: may decreased effect of other medications

26
Q

Stool softener- Docusate (Colace)

A

MOA: Absorb water and fats into stool
to make it soft
indication: constipation
SE: Abdominal cramping
NI/CE:
CI:

27
Q

Osmotic laxative- Milk of Magnesia

A

MOA: thought to work by drawing water into the intestines, an effect that helps to cause movement of the intestines
indication: heartburn, upset stomach, or indigestion, constipation
SE: diarrhea, and dehydration
NI/CE:
CI:

28
Q

polyethylene glycol (MiraLAX) osmotic laxative

A

MOA: Increases bowel movement by causing water to be retained with stool, purging of toxins, for fecal impaction
indication: constipation
NI/CE:
CI:

29
Q

Stimulant laxative- Bisacodyl (Dulcolax)

A

MOA:
indication: Often used as bowel prep, BM within 1 hour, constipation, orally or suppository
SE:
NI/CE:
CI: Do not take bisacodyl with milk
or antacids
safest and strongest

30
Q

Anticholinergic - Scopolamine

A

MOA: patch
indication: Used in combination to treat
emesis induced by chemotherapy
SE:
NI/CE:
CI:

31
Q

Dopamine antagonist – Metoclopramide (Reglan)

A

MOA: Blocks dopamine receptor
to improve nausea, PO, IM or IV
indication: nausea and vomiting
SE: CNS depression (drowsiness,
fatigue), Tardive dyskinesia or
neuro-malignant syndrome
NI/CE:
CI: Interacts: Alcohol, narcotics,
tranquilizers

32
Q

Serotonin antagonist- Ondansetron (Zofran)

A

MOA: blocks specific receptor sites associated with nausea and vomiting, peripherally and in the CTZ, oral disintegrating, PO or IV
indication: nausea and vomiting, prevention of surgery and chemo
hyperemesis
SE: headache, dizziness, drowsy, myalgia, urinary retention, constipation, pain in injection site
NI/CE:
CI:

33
Q

Anticholinergic – dicyclomine (bentyl)

end of GI

A

MOA: oral
indication: Irritable bowel syndrome
SE: Drowsiness, constipation, dry month
NI/CE:
CI:

34
Q

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

A

MOA: inhibit bacterial synthesis
indication: uncomplicated uti
SE: allergy, skin reactions, abnormal CBC
NI/CE:
CI:

35
Q

Nitrofurantoin

A

MOA: disrupt cell metabolism
indication: uncomplicated UTI caused by E. Coli
SE: gi upset, peri, neuropathy, penumonitits
NI/CE:
CI:

36
Q

Ciprofloxacin (second line agents)

A

MOA:
indication: uncomplicated UTI
SE: nausea, vomit, diarrhea, gi pain, headache, rash, tendon rupture, arrythmias, angina, convulsions, gi bleeding, nephritis
NI/CE:
CI:

37
Q

Levofloxacin (second line agents)

A

MOA:
indication: uncomplicated UTI
SE: nausea, vomit, diarrhea, gi pain, headache, rash, tendonitis, tendon rupture, arrthymias, nephrotoxicity, hepatoxicity
NI/CE:
CI:

38
Q

Vaginal yeast – Fluconazole (diflucan)

A

MOA:
indication: Candida albicans vaginitis (Vaginal Yeast Infection)
SE:
NI/CE:
CI:
not sexually transited, abnormal discharge caused by yeast

39
Q

Bacterial vaginosis - Metronidazole

A

MOA:
indication: bacterial vaginosis
SE:
NI/CE:
CI:
not sexually transmitted

40
Q

Chlamydia - Doxycycline

A

MOA:
indication: chlamydia
SE:
NI/CE:
CI:

41
Q

Gonorrhea - Ceftriaxone

A

MOA:
indication: gonorrhea
SE:
NI/CE:
CI:

42
Q

Trichomonas - Metronidazole

A

MOA:
indication: trichomonas vaginalis
SE:
NI/CE:
CI:

43
Q

Estradiol

A

MOA: most potent endogenous female sex hormone, responsible for estrogen effects on body
indication: treat vasomotor symptoms of vulvar and vaginal atrophy in menopause
SE: eye changes, photosensitivity, bloating, premenstrual syndorme, abdomen cramps
NI/CE:
CI: metabolized in liver and excreted in urine

44
Q

Magnesium sulfate (tocolytsis) (IV)

A

MOA: smooth muscle relaxant to decrease uterine contractions
indication: preterm labor
SE: low BP, resipiratory depression
NI/CE:
CI:

45
Q

Indomethacin (NSAID)

A

MOA:
indication: delay preterm labor in 3rd trimester
SE:
NI/CE:
CI: risk to fetus, premature ductus artiosus closure in heart and brain bleed

46
Q

Misoprostol (vaginally) If cervix is not “favorable”

A

MOA:
indication: Cervical ripening and to stop
postpartum hemorrhage
SE:
NI/CE: only used in hospital, wait > 4 hours before oxytocin
CI: Uterine rupture or uterine
hyperstimulation, Needs to be on fetal monitor to assess contractions and fetal heart rate

47
Q

Oxytocin (pitocin) if cervix is “favorable” IV

A

MOA: synthetic form stimulates the uterus
indication: initiate or improve uterine contractions for early vaginal delivery
SE: cardiac arrhythmias, hypertension, fetal bradycardia, nausea, vomiting, uterine rupture
NI/CE:
CI:

48
Q

Butorphanol tartrate (stadol)

A

MOA:
indication: drug used to induce labor, anesthesia, analgesia
SE:
NI/CE:
CI:

49
Q

Nalbuphine-hydrochloride (nubain)

A

MOA:
indication: drugs used to induce labor, anesthesia, analgesia
SE:
NI/CE:
CI:

50
Q

Epidural anesthesia (fentanyl)

A

MOA:
indication: drug used to induce labor, anesthesia, analgesia
SE:
NI/CE:
CI:

51
Q

acyclovir

A

MOA:
indication: genital herpes
SE:
NI/CE:
CI:

52
Q

estrogen/progestin combinations, oral contraceptive pills

A

MOA: suppresses LH and FSH, inhibiting ovulation; alters cervical mucus and endometrium, ovaries get smaller
indication: oral contraceptives, endometriosis, acne, PCOS, abnormal uterine bleeding
SE: breakthrough bleed, nausea, breast tenderness, hypertension
NI/CE:
CI: smoking, high BP, heart disease, breast and cervical cancer, migraine
ANTIBIOTICS ALTER BC PILLS, plus 7 days after ending antibiotics

53
Q

ranitidine

A

used for when pregnant women get heartburn

pharmacology (10 decks)

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