pharm exam 4 Flashcards
Types of diabetes 1 & 2 – characteristics of each
Type 1: increased thirst, frequent urination, losing weight, frequent hunger
Type 2: increased thirst, increased hunger, slow healing cuts and wounds, blurred vision, linked with obesity
Signs of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia
Hypoglycemia: dizziness, pale face, sweating, hunger, vision changes, shaking
Hyperglycemia: urinating large amounts, dry mouth, fatigue, blurred vision, headache
Hormones Associated with Endocrine System (Adrenal, Pancreas, Thyroid)
adrenal gland hormones: sugar (glucocorticoids) salt (mineralocorticoids), sex ( Androgens)
Thyroid hormone: TSH, T3, T4
Pancreas: glucagon, somatostatin, gastrin, Amylin
Negative Feedback Loop
a regulatory mechanism where a hormone’s level in the bloodstream is monitored, and if it becomes too high, the body signals the gland producing that hormone to decrease its production, effectively bringing the hormone level back to a normal range,
Hypothalamus-Pituitary Complex
the command center in the brain that controls vital bodily functions
Cushing’s Disease and Syndrome
the body produces too much cortisol. causes weight gain in the upper body, weight gain to face “moon face”, fatty hump between shoulders
Addison’s disease, treated with Corticosteroids
a rare disorder occurs when the adrenal glands don’t produce enough cortisol and aldosterone hormones.
Hydrocortisone: Replaces cortisol, and is usually taken in tablet form
Fludrocortisone: Replaces aldosterone, and helps control sodium and fluid levels in the body
Differences between Hyperthyroid and Hypothyroid and lab tests used for
each
Hyperthyroidism: occurs when the thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone TSH( low), T3(high), T4(high) lab tests, CBC and iodine
Hypothyroidism: when the thyroid doesn’t make enough thyroid hormone, TSH( high), T3 (low), T4(low)
osteoporosis
end of endo
a bone disease that causes the bone to become weak and break easily
Gastroesophageal Reflex Disease (GERD)
a digestive disorder that causes stomach contents to leak into the esophagus causing a burning sensation
Peptic ulcer disease (PUD)
a condition where the lining of the stomach or duodenum is damaged by stomach acid or digestive juices, resulting in an open sore
Constipation: Causes of constipation
a condition that occurs when you have infrequent or uncomfortable bowel movements. causes include diet, not enough activity, medications, not drinking enough fluids, psychological issues,
know Gi tract
mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
end of GI
condtion that causes recurrent abdominal pain, diarrhea and constipation symptoms include: irregular bowle movements, abdominal pain, food triggers,
Differentiate between UTIs: Cystitis and Pyelonephritis
Cystitis is a bladder infection, while pyelonephritis is a kidney infection both have similar symptoms
Female Reproductive System
uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes, cervix and vagina
Menopause
Menopause is when a woman’s menstrual periods permanently stop and she can no longer get pregnant. It’s usually caused by a decrease in estrogen levels and occurs between the ages of 45 and 55
FDA Pregnancy Medication Categories and fetotoxic medicines
Category A
No evidence of risk to the fetus in the first trimester or later trimesters
Category B
No evidence of risk to the fetus in animal studies, but no adequate studies in pregnant women
Category C
Animal studies show adverse effects on the fetus, but potential benefits may outweigh the risks
Category D
Positive evidence of risk to the fetus in humans, but potential benefits may outweigh the risks
Category X
Fetal abnormalities have been demonstrated in animal or human studies, and the risks outweigh the potential benefits
Physiological changes in pregnancy
increased blood plasma volume, increased cardiac output, increased renal flow, increased oxygen consumption, increased plasma lipids, increased hormone production, gestational hypertension and gestational diabetes
Conditions arising in pregnancy
constipation and diabetes
Preterm Labor Drug to postpone delivery
Goal of therapy
* Stop labor and allow pregnancy to continue
* Delay labor until corticosteroid administered
* Tocolytic medications
* Magnesium sulfate
* Indomethacin
During Labor Drugs to help with delivery:
Misoprostol
Analgesics During Labor
administered IV, IM or subcutaneous ORAL NOT USED,Butorphanol tartrate (Stadol)
* Nalbuphine-hydrochloride
(Nubain)
* Epidural anesthesia (Fentanyl)
Considerations with drugs during Lactation
Most drugs penetrate the
milk supply
Few drugs are
contraindicated
* Chemotherapy drugs
* Drugs of abuse
* Radioactive isotopes
Consideration of timing
and dosage
urinary tract infection (UTI):
inflammation of the urinary epithelium
usually caused by bacteria from gut flora
uncomplicated (UTI):
afebrile infection in a patient with a structurally
and functionally normal urinary tract.
complicated (UTI):
patients with pyelonephritis or a urinary tract with
structural or functional abnormality. Greater risk for sepsis,
bacteremia, death
dysuria:
subjective experience of pain or a burning sensation
on urination
drugs that are harmful to fetus are?
fetotoxic and teratogenic:
“fetotoxic” refers to any toxic effect on the fetus, including growth retardation or developmental issues, while “teratogenic” specifically refers to substances that cause structural abnormalities or birth defects in the fetus
cystitis: low tract infection
complicated versus uncomplicated, oral antibiotics, side effects: dysuria, frequency, urgency, nocturia, suprapubic discomfort, incomplete emptying sensation, mild incontinence, gross hematuria
pyelonephritis: upper tract infection
complicated, not managed outpatient, should be in hospitalization for IV treatment, side effects: Fever, chills, malaise, flank pain, CVA tenderness, nausea,
vomiting
