pharm exam 2

Question 1

define the central nervous system

Answer 1

composed of the brain and spinal cord

Question 2

define the peripheral nervous system

Answer 2

sensory receptors bring information into the CNS
- motor nerves carry information to the away from the CNS

Question 3

types of neurotransmitters

Answer 3

Acetylcholine
◦ Communicates between nerves and muscles
Norepinephrine and Epinephrine
◦ Catecholamines released by nerves in the sympathetic branch of the ANS
Dopamine
◦ Involved in the coordination of impulses and responses
Gamma-aminobutyric Acid (GABA)
◦ Inhibits nerve activity and is important in preventing over-excitability or stimulation such as
seizure activity
Serotonin
◦ Important in arousal and sleep and in preventing depression and promoting motivation

Question 4

what are neurons

Answer 4

a cell that receives and sends messages to the brain and back to the body

Question 5

what is a chemical synapse

Answer 5

a specialized junction between neurons where a signal is transmitted from one neuron to another by the release of chemical messengers called neurotransmitters

Question 6

what is a electrical synapse

Answer 6

a mechanical connection between two neurons that allows electrical signals to pass between them:

Question 7

what is action potential

Answer 7

a rapid change in the voltage across a cell membrane

Question 8

what are neurotransmitters

Answer 8

a chemical messenger that allows neurons to communicate with each other and with other target cells, such as muscles or glands

Question 9

define anxiety

Answer 9

a natural human feeling of fear, dread, or uneasiness that can be a reaction to stress or perceived danger

Question 10

define depression

Answer 10

a mental health condition that involves a persistent low mood or loss of interest in activities.

Question 11

define bipolar

Answer 11

a mental illness that causes extreme mood swings, or shifts in mood, energy, thinking, behavior, and sleep:

Question 12

define schizophrenia

Answer 12

a chronic mental illness that affects a person’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors:

Question 13

define Attention deficit/ hyperactive disorders

Answer 13

a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects a person’s ability to focus, control their impulses, and be still:

Question 14

define seizures

Answer 14

a sudden, uncontrolled burst of electrical activity in the brain that can cause changes in behavior, movements, feelings, and levels of consciousness

Question 15

define parkinsons disease

Answer 15

a progressive brain disorder that causes movement problems, mental health issues, and other health concerns:

Question 16

what is the ANS

Answer 16

which is the part of the nervous system that controls involuntary bodily functions like heart rate, digestion, breathing, and blood pressure, essentially operating without conscious thought; it’s often described as the “fight or flight” and “rest and digest” system depending on the situation.

Question 17

SNS functions

Answer 17

fight or flight, regulating organ systems, and preparing body for physical activity. ( responding to dangerous or stressful situations)

Question 18

PNS functions

Answer 18

feeds information into brain (rest and repair)

Question 19

homeostasis

Answer 19

the process by which an organism or cell maintains a state of balance among its systems to survive and function properly

Question 20

neurons within ANS is?

Answer 20

preganglionic and post ganglionic

Question 21

what is a pathogen?

Answer 21

a living organism that causes disease in a host organism

Question 22

antibiotic resistance

Answer 22

occurs when bacteria change and are no longer affected by antibiotics, which are designed to kill them. This can happen through a variety of mechanisms,

Question 23

drug resistance

Answer 23

occurs when a microorganism or cancer cell becomes less sensitive to a drug that was previously effective against it:

Question 24

drug resistance

Answer 24

occurs when a microorganism or cancer cell becomes less sensitive to a drug that was previously effective against it:

Question 25

gram positive organisms

Answer 25

• staph aureus
• streptococcus
• enterococcus
  -MRSA

Question 26

Gram negative organisms

Answer 26

• H influenzae
• Moraxella catarrhalis
  -E. Coli
• Neisseria gonorrhea
  C. Diphtheria

Question 27

broad spectrum

Answer 27

useful in treating a wide variety of infections

Question 28

narrow spectrum

Answer 28

effective against only a few microorganisms with specific metabolic pathways or enzymes

Question 29

superinfections

Answer 29

a secondary infection that occurs during or after an existing infection, and is caused by a different microorganism that is resistant to the antibiotics used to treat the first infection.

Question 30

mechanism of action in microbials

Answer 30

Inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis
* Inhibit protein synthesis
* Interfere with nucleic acid (DNA/RNA) synthesis
* Inhibit cell metabolic pathway

Question 31

synergistic interactions

Answer 31

when the combined effect of two or more things is greater than the sum of their individual effects.

Question 32

antagonistic interactions

Answer 32

a situation where one organism or species benefits at the expense of another