pharm exam 2 Flashcards
define the central nervous system
composed of the brain and spinal cord
define the peripheral nervous system
sensory receptors bring information into the CNS
- motor nerves carry information to the away from the CNS
types of neurotransmitters
Acetylcholine
◦ Communicates between nerves and muscles
Norepinephrine and Epinephrine
◦ Catecholamines released by nerves in the sympathetic branch of the ANS
Dopamine
◦ Involved in the coordination of impulses and responses
Gamma-aminobutyric Acid (GABA)
◦ Inhibits nerve activity and is important in preventing over-excitability or stimulation such as
seizure activity
Serotonin
◦ Important in arousal and sleep and in preventing depression and promoting motivation
what are neurons
a cell that receives and sends messages to the brain and back to the body
what is a chemical synapse
a specialized junction between neurons where a signal is transmitted from one neuron to another by the release of chemical messengers called neurotransmitters
what is a electrical synapse
a mechanical connection between two neurons that allows electrical signals to pass between them:
what is action potential
a rapid change in the voltage across a cell membrane
what are neurotransmitters
a chemical messenger that allows neurons to communicate with each other and with other target cells, such as muscles or glands
define anxiety
a natural human feeling of fear, dread, or uneasiness that can be a reaction to stress or perceived danger
define depression
a mental health condition that involves a persistent low mood or loss of interest in activities.
define bipolar
a mental illness that causes extreme mood swings, or shifts in mood, energy, thinking, behavior, and sleep:
define schizophrenia
a chronic mental illness that affects a person’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors:
define Attention deficit/ hyperactive disorders
a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects a person’s ability to focus, control their impulses, and be still:
define seizures
a sudden, uncontrolled burst of electrical activity in the brain that can cause changes in behavior, movements, feelings, and levels of consciousness
define parkinsons disease
a progressive brain disorder that causes movement problems, mental health issues, and other health concerns:
what is the ANS
which is the part of the nervous system that controls involuntary bodily functions like heart rate, digestion, breathing, and blood pressure, essentially operating without conscious thought; it’s often described as the “fight or flight” and “rest and digest” system depending on the situation.
SNS functions
fight or flight, regulating organ systems, and preparing body for physical activity. ( responding to dangerous or stressful situations)
PNS functions
feeds information into brain (rest and repair)
homeostasis
the process by which an organism or cell maintains a state of balance among its systems to survive and function properly
neurons within ANS is?
preganglionic and post ganglionic
what is a pathogen?
a living organism that causes disease in a host organism
antibiotic resistance
occurs when bacteria change and are no longer affected by antibiotics, which are designed to kill them. This can happen through a variety of mechanisms,
drug resistance
occurs when a microorganism or cancer cell becomes less sensitive to a drug that was previously effective against it:
drug resistance
occurs when a microorganism or cancer cell becomes less sensitive to a drug that was previously effective against it:
gram positive organisms
- staph aureus
- streptococcus
- enterococcus
-MRSA
Gram negative organisms
- H influenzae
- Moraxella catarrhalis
-E. Coli - Neisseria gonorrhea
C. Diphtheria
broad spectrum
useful in treating a wide variety of infections
narrow spectrum
effective against only a few microorganisms with specific metabolic pathways or enzymes
superinfections
a secondary infection that occurs during or after an existing infection, and is caused by a different microorganism that is resistant to the antibiotics used to treat the first infection.
mechanism of action in microbials
Inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis
* Inhibit protein synthesis
* Interfere with nucleic acid (DNA/RNA) synthesis
* Inhibit cell metabolic pathway
synergistic interactions
when the combined effect of two or more things is greater than the sum of their individual effects.
antagonistic interactions
a situation where one organism or species benefits at the expense of another
