Pharm Final Ch13 Flashcards by Colt Brooks

Controlled substances are classified into five categories. What act is responsible for for these rules?

Controlled Substance Act or Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act in 1970

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

List the number corresponding with the following controlled substances, I to V.

Hydrocodone \_\_\_\_
Heroin \_\_\_\_
Narcotic cough medicine \_\_\_\_
Fentanyl \_\_\_\_
Diazepam \_\_\_\_
Lorazepam \_\_\_\_
High abuse potential &amp; no medical purpose \_\_\_\_
High abuse potential &amp; legitimate medical purpose \_\_\_\_
Cocaine \_\_\_\_
Codeine \_\_\_\_

Hydrocodone \_\_1\_\_
Heroin \_\_1\_\_
Narcotic cough medicine \_\_5\_\_
Fentanyl \_\_2\_\_
Diazepam \_\_4\_\_
Lorazepam \_\_4\_\_
High abuse potential &amp; no medical purpose \_\_1\_\_
High abuse potential &amp; legitimate medical purpose \_\_2\_\_
Cocaine \_\_2\_\_
Codeine \_\_3\_\_

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Absolute refractory period means:

The early phase of cardiac repolarization, wherein the heart muscle cannot be stimulated to depolarize.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The process by which the molecules of a substance are moved from the site of entry into systemic circulation is called:

Absorption

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

An enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine is known as:

Acetylcholinesterase

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A medication that has undergone biotransformation and is able to alter cellular process or body function is called:

A. Adverse effect
B. Active metabolite
C. Biotransformation
D. Affinity

B. Active metabolite

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Abnormal effect to an organism caused by exposure to a chemical is known as:

Adverse effect

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The process of molecules binding with carrier proteins when energy is used to move the molecule against a concentration gradient. This type of process is known as:

A. Active transport
B. Filtration
C. Depolarization
D. Osmosis

A. Active transport

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The ability of a medication to bind with a particular receptor site is:

Affinity

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The group of medications that initiates or alters a cellular activity by attaching to receptor sites

Agonist medications

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The state of being insensitive to pain while still conscious is called:

Analgesia

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

An extreme allergic reaction would present with the following vitals:

A. High BP, High HR, wheezes
B. High BP, Low HR, slow respirations
C. Low BP, High HR, wheezes
D. Low BP, Low HR, slow respirations

C. Low BP, High HR, wheezes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A medication that causes the inability to feel sensation is called:

Anesthetic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The medications used to treat fungal infections is:

A. Antibiotics
B. Antifungals
C. Probiotics
D. Analgesics

B. Antifungals

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The medications used to kill suppress the growth of microorganisms are called:

Antimicrobials

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A state in which cardiac cells are at rest, waiting for the generation of a spontaneous impulse from within is known as:

A. repolarization
B. depolarization
C. automaticity
D. absolute refractory period

C. automaticity

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Bioavailability is when:

the percentage of the unchanged medication that reaches systemic circulation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A process with four possible effects on a medication absorbed into the body.

biotransformation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Narrowing of the bronchial tubes

bronchoconstriction

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Widening of the bronchial tubes

bronchodilation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Medications that bind with heavy metals in the body in order to be eliminated is called:

chelating agents

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What types of fibers in the parasympathetic nervous system release acetylcholine?

cholinergic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

medications that displace agonist chemicals are called

competitive antagonists

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Competitive depolarizing

paralytic agents that act at the neuromuscular junction by binding with nicotinic receptors on muscles, and preventing additional activation by acetylcholine

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Any condition that renders some particular line of undesirable treatment

contraindication

cross-tolerance

a process in which repeated exposure to a medication within a particular class causes a tolerance that may be "transferred" to other medications in the same class

Cumulative action

several smaller of medication capable of producing the same effects that a single larger dose would

The process of discharging resting cardiac muscle fibers by an electric impulse that causes them to contract

depolarization

Depressant

A chemical that decreases the performance of the CNS

Digitalis preparation

A drug used in the treatment of HF and certain atrial dysrhythmias

A chemical that increases urinary output

diuretic

The transportation of a medication throughout the bloodstream

distribution

The duration a medication concentration expected to remain in order to provide it's intended action

Duration (of action)

Dystonic

voluntary muscle movements that are distorted because of abnormal muscle tone

Ectopic foci

sites of generation of electrical impulses other than the normal pacemaker

Efficacy

the ability of a medication to produced desired effect

Elimination

the removal of a medication or its by-products from the body

Endogenous

originating from within the organism

Exogenous

Originating from outside the body

Extravastion

seepage of blood and medication into the tissue surrounding the blood vessel

Facilitated diffusion

The process of medication molecules binding with carrier proteins when no energy is expended

Fasciculation

brief, uncoordinated visible twitching of small muscle groups

Filtration

Use of hydrostatic pressure to force water particles through a semi-permiable membrane

First-order elimination

When the rate of elimination is directly influenced by plasma levels of a substance

First-pass effect

The alteration of a medication via metabolism within the gastrointestinal tract before it reaches systemic circulation

The unusual tolerance to a the therapeutic and adverse clinical effects of a medication

Habituation

The time needed in an average person for elimination of 50% of a substance

half-life

Hematocrit

The percentage of red blood cells in a blood sample

The destruction of red blood cells by disruption of the cell membrane

Hemolysis

Hydophilic

Attracted to water molecules

Idiosyncratic

Abnormal susceptibility to a medication

Inactive metabolite

A medication that has undergone biotransformation and is no longer able to alter a body function

A circumstance that points to the cause, pathology, treatment of an issue

Indication

One medication taken by a patient that undermines the effectiveness of another medication taken by patient

Interference

Lipophilic

Attracted to lipids

The way which a medication produces the intended response

Mechanism of action

Medications that permanently bind with receptor sites and prevent activation by agonist chemicals

noncompetitive antagonists

Drugs that produce muscle relaxation by interfering with impulses between the nerve ending and muscle receptor

nondepolarizing

nonionic means: A. charged B. water-based C. uncharged D. Fats

uncharged

The time needed for the concentration of the medication at the target tissue to reach the minimum effective level

Onset

Orthostatic hypotension

A fall in BP when changing to a standing position

Osmosis

The movement of a solvent from an area of low concentration to one of high concentration through a selectively permeable membrane to equalize concentrations on both sides

Paradoxical

opposite from expected

Pharmodynamics

the biochemical and physiologic effects and mechanism of action of a medication in the body

Pharmokinetics

the activity of medications in the body over time

Pinocytosis

a process by which cells ingest the extracellular fluid and its contents

Common signs of adverse effects include all of the following except: A. Nausea/vomiting B. Dizziness C. Respiratory distress D. Respiratory depression

C. Respiratory distress

What types of medication may cause an individual to acquire Stevens-Johnson syndrome (a skin condition that leads to a rash and then blisters)? A. Antibiotics B. Diuretics C. Cocaine D. Antidepressants

A. Antibiotics

A medications therapeutic index is based off of animal testing. What does a medications LD50 and TD50 mean?

LD50 - the weight-based dose of a medication that causes death in 50% of animals tested TD50 - the weight-based at or above which 50% of the animals tested had toxic affects

The therapeutic index is the relationship between the median effective dose and the median lethal dose. The larger the difference between the two then ______? A. the more lethal B. it is considered more safe C. it needs to be more closely monitored

B. it is considered more safe

When the patient is re-exposed to a particular allergen, a potentially massive cascade of immune system activity occurs. This is called:

Anaphylaxis

Repeated doses of medication within a short time rapidly, causes tolerance in some medications. This is called

Tachyphylaxis

What two distinct groups of medications and chemicals are prone to misuse and abuse?

Stimulants and depressants

The following effects are caused by stimulants, except: A. Increase physical performance B. Increase emotional performance C. Increase mental performance D. Reduce CNS functioning

D. reduce CNS functioning

The following are examples of depressants, except: A. Cocaine B. Alcohol C. Benzodiazepines D. Opioids

A. Cocaine

As a medication is administered, the body beings moving, and ultimately removing, the medication from the body. This is called: A. Pharmodynamics B. Pharmokinetics C. Biotransformation D. Threshold level

B. Pharmokinetics

Duration and effectiveness of a medication are determined by which of these: (more than one apply) A. Dose B. Route C. Patient clinical status D. Therapeutic index

A. Dose B. Route C. Patient clinical status

Which route of administration has 100% bioavailability? A. IM B. IV C. SL D. Intranasal

B. IV Intranasal - nearly 100% Intramuscular (IM) - 75% Sublingual (SL) - low bioavailability

Where does most metabolism occur in the body?

Liver

What areas of the body are sites for subcutaneous medication administration?

Anterior abdomen, just outside of umbilicus, the back of arm

_________ is a process within the body that is used to redistribute water and other particles. A. Osmosis B. Filtration C. Diffusion D. Active transport

B. Filtration

________ process of binding with carrier proteins when no energy is expended.

Facilitated diffusion

Medications must also move through capillary walls to reach some tissues. What are the three types of barriers?

blood-brain barrier, blood-placenta barrier, blood-testes barrier

Fat tissue can alter the amount of medication available for action within the body. This can cause medication to: A. be released slowly, causing prolonged effects B. react within the body immediately C. release quicker, causing shorter half-life D. be administered subcutaneously

A. be released slowly, causing prolonged effects

Medications follow two patterns of metabolism and elimination. What are they?

Zero-order elimination, First-order elimination

The rate of elimination is directly influenced by the plasma levels of the substance. This is called:

First-order elimination

A fixed amount of a substance is removed during a certain period, regardless of the total amount in the body. This is called: A. First-order elimination B. Urination/stool C. Zero-order elimination D. Half-life

C. Zero-order elimination

What are the ten rights?

Right: Person, medication, dose, route, time, documentation and reporting, assessment, to refuse, evaluation, and right patient education

Any beta agent will increase the heart's:

Rate - chronotrope Force - inotrope Automaticity - dromotrope

Arteries have receptors for both alpha and beta agents. An alpha drug will cause _________. A beta agent will cause __________.

Alpha drug = vasoconstriction Beta drug = vasodilation

Drugs that have alpha and beta sympathetic properties are called what type of drug?

Sympathomimetic drugs

Beta sympathetic agents act on two organs: heart and lungs. Beta-1 adrenergic agonists act on ______. Beta-2 adrenergic agents act on ________.

Beta-1 = heart Beta-2 = lungs

Determine the action of the autonomic nervous system with the following drugs: (sympathetic or parasympethetic) ``` Atropine: Norepinephrine: Isoproterenol: Epinephrine: Dopamine: Albuterol: Propranolol: ```

a. Atropine: parasympathetic blocker b. Norepinephrine: sympathetic agent (primarily alpha) c. Isoproterenol: sympathetic agent (almost pure beta) d. Epinephrine: sympathetic agent (predominantly beta) e. Dopamine: sympathetic agent f. Albuterol: sympathetic beta-2 agent g. Propranolol: sympathetic beta-blocker