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The “IV” League > Pharm Final Ch13 > Flashcards

Pharm Final Ch13 Flashcards

1
Q

Controlled substances are classified into five categories. What act is responsible for for these rules?

A

Controlled Substance Act or Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act in 1970

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2
Q

List the number corresponding with the following controlled substances, I to V.

Hydrocodone \_\_\_\_
Heroin \_\_\_\_
Narcotic cough medicine \_\_\_\_
Fentanyl \_\_\_\_
Diazepam \_\_\_\_
Lorazepam \_\_\_\_
High abuse potential & no medical purpose \_\_\_\_
High abuse potential & legitimate medical purpose \_\_\_\_
Cocaine \_\_\_\_
Codeine \_\_\_\_
A 
Hydrocodone \_\_1\_\_
Heroin \_\_1\_\_
Narcotic cough medicine \_\_5\_\_
Fentanyl \_\_2\_\_
Diazepam \_\_4\_\_
Lorazepam \_\_4\_\_
High abuse potential & no medical purpose \_\_1\_\_
High abuse potential & legitimate medical purpose \_\_2\_\_
Cocaine \_\_2\_\_
Codeine \_\_3\_\_
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3
Q

Absolute refractory period means:

A

The early phase of cardiac repolarization, wherein the heart muscle cannot be stimulated to depolarize.

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4
Q

The process by which the molecules of a substance are moved from the site of entry into systemic circulation is called:

A

Absorption

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5
Q

An enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine is known as:

A

Acetylcholinesterase

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6
Q

A medication that has undergone biotransformation and is able to alter cellular process or body function is called:

A. Adverse effect
B. Active metabolite
C. Biotransformation
D. Affinity

A

B. Active metabolite

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7
Q

Abnormal effect to an organism caused by exposure to a chemical is known as:

A

Adverse effect

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8
Q

The process of molecules binding with carrier proteins when energy is used to move the molecule against a concentration gradient. This type of process is known as:

A. Active transport
B. Filtration
C. Depolarization
D. Osmosis

A

A. Active transport

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9
Q

The ability of a medication to bind with a particular receptor site is:

A

Affinity

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10
Q

The group of medications that initiates or alters a cellular activity by attaching to receptor sites

A

Agonist medications

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11
Q

The state of being insensitive to pain while still conscious is called:

A

Analgesia

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12
Q

An extreme allergic reaction would present with the following vitals:

A. High BP, High HR, wheezes
B. High BP, Low HR, slow respirations
C. Low BP, High HR, wheezes
D. Low BP, Low HR, slow respirations

A

C. Low BP, High HR, wheezes

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13
Q

A medication that causes the inability to feel sensation is called:

A

Anesthetic

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14
Q

The medications used to treat fungal infections is:

A. Antibiotics
B. Antifungals
C. Probiotics
D. Analgesics

A

B. Antifungals

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15
Q

The medications used to kill suppress the growth of microorganisms are called:

A

Antimicrobials

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16
Q

A state in which cardiac cells are at rest, waiting for the generation of a spontaneous impulse from within is known as:

A. repolarization
B. depolarization
C. automaticity
D. absolute refractory period

A

C. automaticity

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17
Q

Bioavailability is when:

A

the percentage of the unchanged medication that reaches systemic circulation

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18
Q

A process with four possible effects on a medication absorbed into the body.

A

biotransformation

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19
Q

Narrowing of the bronchial tubes

A

bronchoconstriction

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20
Q

Widening of the bronchial tubes

A

bronchodilation

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21
Q

Medications that bind with heavy metals in the body in order to be eliminated is called:

A

chelating agents

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22
Q

What types of fibers in the parasympathetic nervous system release acetylcholine?

A

cholinergic

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23
Q

medications that displace agonist chemicals are called

A

competitive antagonists

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24
Q

Competitive depolarizing

A

paralytic agents that act at the neuromuscular junction by binding with nicotinic receptors on muscles, and preventing additional activation by acetylcholine

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25
Q

Any condition that renders some particular line of undesirable treatment

A

contraindication

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26
Q

cross-tolerance

A

a process in which repeated exposure to a medication within a particular class causes a tolerance that may be “transferred” to other medications in the same class

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27
Q

Cumulative action

A

several smaller of medication capable of producing the same effects that a single larger dose would

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28
Q

The process of discharging resting cardiac muscle fibers by an electric impulse that causes them to contract

A

depolarization

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29
Q

Depressant

A

A chemical that decreases the performance of the CNS

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30
Q

Digitalis preparation

A

A drug used in the treatment of HF and certain atrial dysrhythmias

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31
Q

A chemical that increases urinary output

A

diuretic

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32
Q

The transportation of a medication throughout the bloodstream

A

distribution

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33
Q

The duration a medication concentration expected to remain in order to provide it’s intended action

A

Duration (of action)

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34
Q

Dystonic

A

voluntary muscle movements that are distorted because of abnormal muscle tone

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35
Q

Ectopic foci

A

sites of generation of electrical impulses other than the normal pacemaker

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36
Q

Efficacy

A

the ability of a medication to produced desired effect

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37
Q

Elimination

A

the removal of a medication or its by-products from the body

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38
Q

Endogenous

A

originating from within the organism

39
Q

Exogenous

A

Originating from outside the body

40
Q

Extravastion

A

seepage of blood and medication into the tissue surrounding the blood vessel

41
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

The process of medication molecules binding with carrier proteins when no energy is expended

42
Q

Fasciculation

A

brief, uncoordinated visible twitching of small muscle groups

43
Q

Filtration

A

Use of hydrostatic pressure to force water particles through a semi-permiable membrane

44
Q

First-order elimination

A

When the rate of elimination is directly influenced by plasma levels of a substance

45
Q

First-pass effect

A

The alteration of a medication via metabolism within the gastrointestinal tract before it reaches systemic circulation

46
Q

The unusual tolerance to a the therapeutic and adverse clinical effects of a medication

A

Habituation

47
Q

The time needed in an average person for elimination of 50% of a substance

48
Q

Hematocrit

A

The percentage of red blood cells in a blood sample

49
Q

The destruction of red blood cells by disruption of the cell membrane

50
Q

Hydophilic

A

Attracted to water molecules

51
Q

Idiosyncratic

A

Abnormal susceptibility to a medication

52
Q

Inactive metabolite

A

A medication that has undergone biotransformation and is no longer able to alter a body function

53
Q

A circumstance that points to the cause, pathology, treatment of an issue

A

Indication

54
Q

One medication taken by a patient that undermines the effectiveness of another medication taken by patient

A

Interference

55
Q

Lipophilic

A

Attracted to lipids

56
Q

The way which a medication produces the intended response

A

Mechanism of action

57
Q

Medications that permanently bind with receptor sites and prevent activation by agonist chemicals

A

noncompetitive antagonists

58
Q

Drugs that produce muscle relaxation by interfering with impulses between the nerve ending and muscle receptor

A

nondepolarizing

59
Q

nonionic means:

A. charged
B. water-based
C. uncharged
D. Fats

60
Q

The time needed for the concentration of the medication at the target tissue to reach the minimum effective level

61
Q

Orthostatic hypotension

A

A fall in BP when changing to a standing position

62
Q

Osmosis

A

The movement of a solvent from an area of low concentration to one of high concentration through a selectively permeable membrane to equalize concentrations on both sides

63
Q

Paradoxical

A

opposite from expected

64
Q

Pharmodynamics

A

the biochemical and physiologic effects and mechanism of action of a medication in the body

65
Q

Pharmokinetics

A

the activity of medications in the body over time

66
Q

Pinocytosis

A

a process by which cells ingest the extracellular fluid and its contents

67
Q

Common signs of adverse effects include all of the following except:

A. Nausea/vomiting
B. Dizziness
C. Respiratory distress
D. Respiratory depression

A

C. Respiratory distress

68
Q

What types of medication may cause an individual to acquire Stevens-Johnson syndrome (a skin condition that leads to a rash and then blisters)?

A. Antibiotics
B. Diuretics
C. Cocaine
D. Antidepressants

A

A. Antibiotics

69
Q

A medications therapeutic index is based off of animal testing. What does a medications LD50 and TD50 mean?

A

LD50 - the weight-based dose of a medication that causes death in 50% of animals tested

TD50 - the weight-based at or above which 50% of the animals tested had toxic affects

70
Q

The therapeutic index is the relationship between the median effective dose and the median lethal dose. The larger the difference between the two then ______?

A. the more lethal
B. it is considered more safe
C. it needs to be more closely monitored

A

B. it is considered more safe

71
Q

When the patient is re-exposed to a particular allergen, a potentially massive cascade of immune system activity occurs. This is called:

A

Anaphylaxis

72
Q

Repeated doses of medication within a short time rapidly, causes tolerance in some medications. This is called

A

Tachyphylaxis

73
Q

What two distinct groups of medications and chemicals are prone to misuse and abuse?

A

Stimulants and depressants

74
Q

The following effects are caused by stimulants, except:

A. Increase physical performance
B. Increase emotional performance
C. Increase mental performance
D. Reduce CNS functioning

A

D. reduce CNS functioning

75
Q

The following are examples of depressants, except:

A. Cocaine
B. Alcohol
C. Benzodiazepines
D. Opioids

A

A. Cocaine

76
Q

As a medication is administered, the body beings moving, and ultimately removing, the medication from the body. This is called:

A. Pharmodynamics
B. Pharmokinetics
C. Biotransformation
D. Threshold level

A

B. Pharmokinetics

77
Q

Duration and effectiveness of a medication are determined by which of these: (more than one apply)

A. Dose
B. Route
C. Patient clinical status
D. Therapeutic index

A

A. Dose
B. Route
C. Patient clinical status

78
Q

Which route of administration has 100% bioavailability?

A. IM
B. IV
C. SL
D. Intranasal

A

B. IV

Intranasal - nearly 100%
Intramuscular (IM) - 75%
Sublingual (SL) - low bioavailability

79
Q

Where does most metabolism occur in the body?

80
Q

What areas of the body are sites for subcutaneous medication administration?

A

Anterior abdomen, just outside of umbilicus, the back of arm

81
Q

_________ is a process within the body that is used to redistribute water and other particles.

A. Osmosis
B. Filtration
C. Diffusion
D. Active transport

A

B. Filtration

82
Q

________ process of binding with carrier proteins when no energy is expended.

A

Facilitated diffusion

83
Q

Medications must also move through capillary walls to reach some tissues. What are the three types of barriers?

A

blood-brain barrier, blood-placenta barrier, blood-testes barrier

84
Q

Fat tissue can alter the amount of medication available for action within the body. This can cause medication to:

A. be released slowly, causing prolonged effects
B. react within the body immediately
C. release quicker, causing shorter half-life
D. be administered subcutaneously

A

A. be released slowly, causing prolonged effects

85
Q

Medications follow two patterns of metabolism and elimination. What are they?

A

Zero-order elimination, First-order elimination

86
Q

The rate of elimination is directly influenced by the plasma levels of the substance. This is called:

A

First-order elimination

87
Q

A fixed amount of a substance is removed during a certain period, regardless of the total amount in the body. This is called:

A. First-order elimination
B. Urination/stool
C. Zero-order elimination
D. Half-life

A

C. Zero-order elimination

88
Q

What are the ten rights?

A

Right:

Person, medication, dose, route, time, documentation and reporting, assessment, to refuse, evaluation, and right patient education

89
Q

Any beta agent will increase the heart’s:

A

Rate - chronotrope
Force - inotrope
Automaticity - dromotrope

90
Q

Arteries have receptors for both alpha and beta agents. An alpha drug will cause _________. A beta agent will cause __________.

A

Alpha drug = vasoconstriction

Beta drug = vasodilation

91
Q

Drugs that have alpha and beta sympathetic properties are called what type of drug?

A

Sympathomimetic drugs

92
Q

Beta sympathetic agents act on two organs: heart and lungs. Beta-1 adrenergic agonists act on ______. Beta-2 adrenergic agents act on ________.

A

Beta-1 = heart

Beta-2 = lungs

93
Q

Determine the action of the autonomic nervous system with the following drugs: (sympathetic or parasympethetic)

Atropine: 
Norepinephrine:
Isoproterenol:
Epinephrine:
Dopamine: 
Albuterol:
Propranolol:
A

a. Atropine: parasympathetic blocker
b. Norepinephrine: sympathetic agent (primarily alpha)
c. Isoproterenol: sympathetic agent (almost pure beta)
d. Epinephrine: sympathetic agent (predominantly beta)
e. Dopamine: sympathetic agent
f. Albuterol: sympathetic beta-2 agent
g. Propranolol: sympathetic beta-blocker

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