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The “IV” League > Medical; Obstetrics & Gynecology > Flashcards

Medical; Obstetrics & Gynecology Flashcards

1
Q

An infant is defined as a baby who is

A

1 month to 1 year

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2
Q

A newborn or neonate is

A

Less then 1 month old

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3
Q

At birth, the average pulse rate and respiratory rate is:

A

140 beats/min & 30-60 breaths/min

ECS p.478

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4
Q

Young infants are primarily what type of breathers?

A

Nose breathers

ECS p.478

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5
Q

Infants, younger then 6 months of age, are particularly prone to:

A

Nasal congestions

ECS p.478

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6
Q

What is a newborn’s major respiratory muscle?

A

The diaphragm (“Belly breather”). The intercostal muscles aren’t well developed.

ECS p.478

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7
Q

How does an infant’s airway differ from adults?

A
  • infant’s tongue is larger in proportion to their oral cavity
  • airway is proportionally shorter and narrower
  • infants have fewer alveoli in the lungs

ECS p.478

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8
Q

Define barotrauma

A

Ventilations that are delivered with excessive force or excessive volume can result in trauma from pressure

ECS p.479

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9
Q

What is a sign of dehydration in newborns/infants?

A

Sunken fontanelles

ECS p. 479

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10
Q

What type of immunity do infants acquire from their mother?

A

Passive immunities

ECS p.479

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11
Q

What are 4 types of reflexes exhibited by an infant?

A
  • Moro reflex (startle reflex)
  • Palmar grasp
  • Rooting reflex
  • Sucking reflex

ECS p.479

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12
Q

What are epiphyseal plates?

A

= growth plates (which are located on either end of an infant’s long bone and are the centers where longitudinal bone growth occurs)

ECS p.479

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13
Q

Teething occurs during what age in children?

A

Teething is between ages 4-7 months

ECS p.479

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14
Q

What are the 3 phases of an infant’s reaction to a situation crisis?

A
  1. Protest phase
  2. Despair phase
  3. Withdrawal

ECS p.481

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15
Q

What type of attachment do infants display who are repeatedly rejected by parent/caregiver?

A

Anxious avoidant attachment

ECS p.480

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16
Q

What are the age ranges for toddlers and for preschoolers?

A 
Toddler = 1-2 years
Preschoolers = 3-5 years

ECS p.482

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17
Q

What is the most obvious development in the immune system at the toddler/preschooler age?

A

Loss of passive immunity

ECS p.482

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18
Q

What psychological anxiety peaks with toddler/preschoolers?

A

Separation anxiety

ECS p.483

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19
Q

What is the age range for school-aged children?

A

6-12 years

ECS p.484

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20
Q

What are the 3 types of reasoning childcare learn?

A
  • Preconventional reasoning - acts purely to avoid punishment
  • Conventtional reasoning - want to obtain approval
  • Postconventional reasoning - guided by their own conscience

ECS p.485

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21
Q

Self-esteem VS. self-concept

A 
Self-esteem = how a person feels about themselves and how they fit in with their peers
Self-concept = a person’s perception of him/herself

ECS p.485

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22
Q

Adolescents (teenagers) are ages ____ through ____ years.

A

13-18

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23
Q

Menarche:

A

The first menstrual bleeding

ECS p.486

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24
Q

Who are at higher risk than other populations for suicide and depression?

A

Adolescents

ECS p.486

25
Q

Early adults range in age from ____ to ____ years.

A

19-40 years

ECS p.487

26
Q

What is the age range in which the body functions at “optimal” levels?

A

From age 19 years to just a little after age 25 years

ECS p.487

27
Q

What is most common among early adults?

A

Childbirth

ECS p.487

28
Q

What age range is middle adults?

A

41 to 60 years

ECS p.487

29
Q

At what age does menopause typically begin in women?

A

Begins in late 40s or early 50s

ECS p.487

30
Q

What are some health concerns with middle aged adults?

A
  • cardiovascular health
  • cardiac output
  • decrease in metabolism

ECS p.487

31
Q

Late adults include those ages ____ and older

A

61 years and older

ECS p.488

32
Q

What is a major contributing factor to a decline in cardiac function in late adults?

A

Atherosclerosis

ECS p.488

33
Q

In late adults, the brain weight may shrink by ___ to ___ %

A

10% to 20% (by age 80 years)

ECS p.490

34
Q

Define terminal drop hypothesis

A

In the 5 years preceding death, mental function is presumed to decline

ECS p.491

35
Q

Normal vitals for NEONATE

A

Pulse: 100-205 beats/min
Resp: 30-60 breaths/min
BP: 67-84/35-53

ECS p.544

36
Q

Normal vitals for INFANT

A

Pulse: 100-180 beats/min
Resp: 30-53 breaths/min
BP: 72-104/37-56

ECS p.544

37
Q

Normal vitals for a TODDLER:

A

Pulse: 98-140 beats/min
Resp: 22-37 breaths/min
BP: 86-106/42-63

ECS p.544

38
Q

Normal vitals for PRESCHOOLER

A

Pulse: 80-120 beats/min
Resp: 20-28 breaths/min
BP: 89-112/46-72

ECS p.544

39
Q

Normal vitals for SCHOOL AGE

A

Pulse: 75-118 beats/min
Resp: 18-25 breaths/min
BP: 97-120/57-80

ECS p.544

40
Q

Normal vitals for ADOLESCENT

A

Pulse: 60-100beats/min
Resp: 12-20 breaths/min
BP: 110-131/64-83

ECS p.544

41
Q

Normal vitals for EARLY/MIDDLE/OLDER ADULT

A

Pulse: 60-100beats/min
Resp: 12-20 breaths/min
BP: 90-140 (systolic)

ECS p.544

42
Q

Explain the difference between a newborn versus neonate.

A

newborn: an infant within the first few hours after birth
neonate: an infant within the first month after birth

43
Q

Approximately 8% of newborns delivered each year weigh less than ___________.

44
Q

Fetal circulation has three major blood flow deviations (shunts) from that of an adult. What are they?

A
  1. ductus venous
    1. foramen ovale
    2. ductus arteriosus
45
Q

First breath in a newborn is triggered by what two physiologic stimuli?

A

is triggered by mild hypoxia and hypercapnia from partial occlusion of the umbilical cord during delivery.

46
Q

Delay in the decrease of pulmonary pressure of a newborn leads to:

A
  1. Delayed transition
  2. Hypoxia
  3. Brain injury
  4. Death
47
Q

List equipment for neonatal resuscitation. (p 2071-2073)

A
  1. Warm, dry blankets
  2. Bulb syringe
  3. Two small clamps or ties
  4. A pair of clean scissors
48
Q

After confirming adequate airway, breathing, and pulse rate, place the newborn on: (p 2072)

A

the mother’s chest

49
Q

What should be suctioned first once the head is delivered?

A

the mouth first, then the nose

50
Q

_________ helps record the newborn’s condition in the first few minutes after birth.

A

The Apgar score

51
Q 
Appearance (skin color) 
Pulse rate
Grimace (irritability)
Activity (muscle tone)
Respiratory (effort)

What numbers are each of these values given?

A

Each sign is given a value of 0, 1, or 2.

52
Q

An Apgar score should be recorded how long after birth?

A

Recorded at 1 and 5 minutes after birth

53
Q

If the 5-minute Apgar score is less than 7, an additional score should be done:

A

every 5 minutes until 20 minutes after birth.

54
Q

In order to count the respiratory rate and pulse rate. You should count respiratory rate and pulse rate for 6 seconds, then you should: (p 2075-2077)

A

multiply by 10 to determine rate per minute.

55
Q

If newborn is still apneic or has a pulse rate of less than 100 beats/min after 30 seconds of drying, stimulation, and oxygen. You should first: (p 2076 - 2080)

A. Begin positive pressure ventilation (PPV) by a newborn-sized bag-mask device.
B. Insert an ET tube or laryngeal mask as appropriate.
C. Use a pulse oximeter
D. Begin compressions.

A

A. Begin positive pressure ventilation (PPV) by a newborn-sized bag-mask device.

56
Q

You should begin chest compression if the newborn’s pulse rate is less than:

A

60 beats/min

57
Q

A ventilation rate of 40 to 60 breaths/min is important because a higher rate can cause all of the following, EXCEPT:

A. Hypocapnia
B. Air trapping
C. Pneumothorax
D. Hypoxemia

58
Q

Intubation for a newborn is indicated for all of the following, EXCEPT: (p 2080)

A. Meconium-stained fluid is present and the newborn is not vigorous.
B. Pulse is less than 100 per minute.
C. Prolonged PPV needed.
D. Craniofacial defects impede an adequate airway.

A

B. Pulse is less than 100 per minute.

59
Q

Medications are rarely needed in newborn resuscitation because they can be resuscitated with effective: (p 2085 - 2086)

A

ventilatory support

The “IV” League (10 decks)

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