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General Principles > Pharm > Flashcards

Pharm Flashcards

1
Q

Km

A

inversely related to the affinity of the enzyme. Km = [S] at 1/2Vmax

if Km is bigger, means the enzyme doesn’t bind as well to the substrate, since you need more enzyme to achieve 1/2 max velocity

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2
Q

how long does it take for a drug infused at a constant rate to reach steady state?

A

4-5 half-lives

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3
Q

half-life equation

A

(0.693 x Vd) / CL

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4
Q

Clearance

A

volume of plasma cleared of drug / time

rate of drug elimination / plasma drug concentration = Vd X elimination constant

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5
Q

loading dose

A

(target plasma concentration x volume of distribution) / (bioavailability)

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6
Q

maintenance dose

A

(Cp x CL x dosage interval) / bioavailability

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7
Q

zero-order elimination + examples

A

rate of elimination constant, regardless of time. Cp dec. linearly w/ time.

Phenytoin, Ethanol, Aspirin

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8
Q

1st order elimination

A

constant fraction drug eliminated per unit time

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9
Q

competitive antagonist + example

A

1) dec. potency, but doesn’t change efficacy (shift right)

ex: diazepam + flumazenil

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10
Q

noncompetitive antagonist + examples

A

dec. efficacy –> shift curve down

ex: norepinephrine + phenoxybenzamine (note: phenoxy = irreversible competitive antagonist)

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11
Q

partial agonist

A

acts at same site as full agonist. lower efficacy –> shift down

morphine vs. buprenorphine

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12
Q

Nictoinic vs. muscarinic AcH receptors

A

1) nicotinic = ligand-gated Na/K channels

2) muscarinic = G-protein coupled receptors w/ 2nd messengers

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13
Q

Parasympathetic

A

1) cardiac + smooth muscle, gland cells, nerve terminals (muscarinic; M2 = cardiac, M3 = everywhere else)

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14
Q

Sympathetic innervation

A

1) sweat glands (muscarinic)
2) cardiac / smooth muscle: NE on alpha/beta
3) renal vasculature: D1 / D2

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15
Q

a1

A

incr:
- vascular smooth muscle
- pupillary dilator contraction
- intestinal / blader sphincter contraction

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16
Q

a2

A

dec:

  • symp. outflow
  • insulin release
  • lipolysis

incr:
-platelet aggregation

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17
Q

b1

A

incr:
- HR
- contractility
- renin release

dec. :
- lipolysis

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18
Q

b2:

A

vasodilation, bronchodilation.

incr. :
- HR
- contractility
- lipolysis
- insulin release
- aqueous humor

dec. :
- uterine tone

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19
Q

M1

A

CNS / enteric nervous system

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20
Q

M2

A

dec. HR / atrial contraction

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21
Q

M3

A

incr:

  • exocrine gland secretions (lacrimal, salivary, gastric acid)
  • gut peristalsis
  • bladder contraction / bronchoconstriction
  • pupillary sphincter contraction
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22
Q

D1

A

renal vascular smooth muscle

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23
Q

D2

A

modulates transmitter release in brain

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24
Q

H1

A

incr:

  • nasal / bronchial mucous production
  • vascular permeability

contraction of bronchioles, pruritis, pain

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25
Q

H2

A

incr:

-gastric acid secretion

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26
Q

V1

A

Incr. vascular smooth muscle contraction

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27
Q

V2

A

incr. H2O permeability + reabsorption in collecting tubules of the kidney

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28
Q

Gq downstream

A

phospholipase C –> Dag:

1) protein kinase C
2) IP3 –> incr. ca2 –> smooth muscle contraction

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29
Q

Gs receptor mechanism

A

Gs –> adenylyl cyclase –> ATP conversion to cAMP –> protein kinase A –> incr. Ca2+ in heart

30
Q

Gi receptor mechanism

A

inhibition of adenylyl cyclase –> ATP conversion to cAMP –> protein kinas A –> inhibition of myosin light chain kinase in smooth muscle

31
Q

direct agonists of cholinomimetic agents

A

1) bethanechol
2) carbachol
3) pilocarpine
4) methacholine

32
Q

bethanechol

A

1) activates bowel / bladder smoothmuscle

2) resistant to AChe

33
Q

carbachol:

A

1) glacuoma, pupillary constriction, relief of intraocular pressure

34
Q

pilocarpine

A

1) stimulates sweat, tears, saliva for open / closed angle glaucoma

35
Q

methacholine

A

challenge test for asthma diagnosis

36
Q

anticholinesterases

A

1) neostigmine
2) pyridostigmine
3) physostigmine
4) donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine
5) edrophonium

all increase endogenous Ach

37
Q

neostigmine

A

1) ileus / urinary retention, reversal of NMJ blockade (DOES NOT CROSS CNS)

38
Q

pyridostigmine

A

myasthenia gravis (long acting) –> does not penetrate CNS

39
Q

physostigmine

A

anticholinergic toxicity –> crosses blood-brain barrier

can fix atropine overdose

40
Q

muscarinic antagonists

A

1) atropine
2) benztropine
3) scopolamine
4) ipratropium
5) oxybutynin
6) glycopyrrolate

41
Q

atropine

A

muscarinic antagonist:

1) increases pupil dilation
2) dec. airway / stomach secretions
3) dec. motility
4) dec. cystitis urgency

42
Q

epinephrine selectivity:

A

B > a

43
Q

norepinephrine selectivity

A

a1 > a2 > B1

44
Q

isoproterenol selectivity

A

B1 = B2

45
Q

dopamine selectivity

A

D1 = D2 > B > a

46
Q

dobutamine selectivity

A

B1 > B2

47
Q

phenylephrine selectivity

A

a1 > a2

48
Q

albuterol, salmeterol, terbutaline selectivity

A

B2 > B1

49
Q

hyperglycemia as sfx drugs

A 
Taking Pills Necessitates Having Blood Checked
Tacrolimus
Protease inhibitors
Niacin
HCTZ
B-blocker
Corticosteroid
50
Q

hypothyroidism as sfx drugs

A

lithium
amiodarone
sulfonamide

51
Q

Hepatic necrosis as sfx

A 
liver "HAVAc"
Halothane
Amanita phalloides
Valproic acid
Acetaminophen
52
Q

Pnacreatitis as sfx

A 
Drugs Causing A Violent Abdominal Distress
Didanosine
Corticosteroids
Alcohol
Valproic acid
Azathioprine
Diuretics (furosemide)
53
Q

Agranulocytosis as drug rxn

A

Drugs CCCrush Myeloblasts / Promyelocytes

Dapsone
Clozapine
Carbamazepine
Colchicine
Methimazole
PTU
54
Q

Aplastic anemia as drug rxn

A

Can’t Make New Blood Cells Properly

Carbamazepine
Methimazole
NSAIDs
Benzene
Chloramphenicol
PTU
55
Q

Gray baby syndrome = pale skin (somewhere abroad)

A

chloramphenicol

56
Q

Hemolysis in G6PD

A

IS D PAIN

INH
Sulfonamide
Dapsone
Primaquine
Aspirin
Ibuprofen
Nitrofurantoin
57
Q

Megaloblastic anemia

A

PMS
Phenytoin
Methotrexate
Sulfadrugs

58
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

Heparin

Cimetidie

59
Q

Gingival hyperplasia drugs

A

phenytoin, verapamil, cyclosporin, nifedipine

60
Q

Hyperuricemia drugs

A 
Painful Tophi & Feet Need Care
Pyrazinamide
Thiazides
Furosemide
Niacin
Cyclosporine
61
Q

myopathy drugs

A

fibrates, niacin, colchicine, hydroxychloroquine, interferon-alpha, penicillamine, statins, glucocorticoids

62
Q

photosensitivity drugs

A 
SAT For Photo
Sulfonamides
Amiodarone
Tetrayclines
5-FU
63
Q

Rash / Stevens-Johnson syndrome

A

SJ has Epileptic Allergy to Sulfa drugs + Penicillin
-anti-epileptic (ethosuximide, carbamazepine, lamotrigine, phenytoin, phenobarbital)
Allopurinol
Sulfa drugs
Penicillin

64
Q

SLE-syndrome drugs

A 
Sulfa
Hydralazine
INH
Procainamide
Phenytoin
Etanercept
65
Q

Parkinson-like drugs

A

Cogwheel rigidity of ARM
Antipsychotics
Reserpine
Metoclopramide

66
Q

Seizures

A 
I BITE My tongue
INH (vit. B6 def)
buproprion
Imipenem/cilastin
Tramadol
Enflurane
metoclopramide
67
Q

SIADH drugs

A

Can’t Concentrate Serum Sodium
Carbamazepine
Cyclophosphamide
SSRIs

68
Q

Pulmonary fibrosis drugs

A 
Breathing Air Badly from Meds
Bleomycin
Amiodarone
Busulfan
Methotrexate
69
Q

Disulfiram-like drugs

A

Metronidazole, cephalosporins, griseofulvin, procarbazine, 1st gen sulfonylurea

70
Q

Nephrotoxicity / ototoxicity drugs

A

aminoglycosides
vancomycin
loop diuretics
cisplatin

71
Q

Sulfa drugs

A 
Probenecid
Furosemide
Acetazolamide
Celecoxib
Thiazides
Sulfonamide
Sulfasalazine
Sulfonylurea

General Principles (16 decks)

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