Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What are characteristics of apoptosis?

A

1) eosinophilic cytoplasm
2) cell / nuclear shrinkage
3) membrane blebbing
4) nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis)
5) apoptotic bodies which undergo phagocytosis

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2
Q

what are indicators of apoptosis?

A

1) DNA laddering. during karyorrhexis (nuclear fragmentation), endonucleases cleave at internucleosomal regions –> 180 bp fragments.

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3
Q

intrinsic pathway specific molecules

A

1) imbalance of anti- / pro apoptotic factors –> incr. mitochondrial permeability + CYTOCHROME C release.
2) BAX / BAK = pro APOPTOSIS
3) Bcl-2 –> prevents cytochrome C release / Apaf-1 mediated activation of caspases

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4
Q

2 pathways of extrinsic pathway

A

1) ligand receptor: FasL binding to CD95 [Fas]

2) immune cell mediated: cytotoxic T-cell release of perforin / granzyme B

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5
Q

example of Fas-FasL interaction

A

thymic medullary negative selection. defective Fas-FasL binding –> autoimmune disorders

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6
Q

differences b/w coagulative + liquefactive necrosis

A

1) coagulative = proteins denature first, followed by enzymatic degradation
2) liquefactive: lysosomal enzymes released followed by enzymatic degradation

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7
Q

difference b/w red vs. pale infarct

A

red = hemorrhagic –> loose tissues w/ multiple blood supplies, with injury due to reperfusion injury.
pale infarts = single blood supply –> solid tissues.

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8
Q

pathogenesis of granulomas

A

Th1 cells secrete y-interferon –> macrophage activation –> TNF-a secretion –> granuloma formation. TEST for LATENT TB before starting anti-TNF therapy as granulomas make breakdown and cause disseminated disease

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9
Q

primary amyloidosis

A

deposition of proteins from Ig Light chains (plasma cell disorder / multiple myeloma) (affects multiple organ systems)

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10
Q

AA amyloidosis

A

2ndary due to chronic conditions. fibrils of amyloid A –> multisystem

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11
Q

dialysis related amyloidosis

A

fibrils of B2-microglobulin w/ ESRD / long-term dialysis –> presents as carpal tunnel syndrome

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12
Q

age-related systemic amyloidosis

A

normal TTR deposition in myocardium / elsewhere. slow progression to cardiac dysfunction than AL amyloidosis

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13
Q

Alzheimer deposition

A

amyloid-beta protein from amyloid precursor protein cleaving

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14
Q

diabetes mellitus 2 deposition

A

islet amyloid polypeptide cdeposition in pancreatic islets

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15
Q

hyperplasia

A

increase in cell number

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16
Q

dysplasia

A

abnormal proliferation of cells w/ loss of size, shape, and orientation

17
Q

carcinoma insitu

A

1) high N:C ratio
2) clumped chromatin
3) neoplastic cells have not invaded basement membrane

18
Q

p-glycoprotein

A

multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1): expressed by colon / liver cancer to pump out chemotherapeutic agents

19
Q

metaplasia

A

one adult cell type replaced by another, secondary to irritation

20
Q

desmoplasia

A

fibrous tissue formation in response to neoplasm

21
Q

association between tuberous sclerosis and neoplasm

A

giant cell astroctoma, renal angiomyolipoma, cardiac rhabdomyoma

22
Q

BRAF

A

oncogene –. gain of function –> one damaged allele –> incr. cancer risk.

1) serine/threonine kinase
2) associated w/ melanoma

23
Q

c-kit

A

Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST)

24
Q

BRCA1/BRCA2

A

tumor suppressor gene –> both alleles must be lost –> incr. cancer risk –> DNA repair protein

25
p53
tumor suppressor gene. transcription factor for p21; blocks G1 --> S phase
26
calcitonin as a tumor marker
medullary thyroid carcinoma
27
Ca-125 as a tumor marker
ovarian cancer
28
S100 asa tumor marker
neural crest cells origin (melanoma, neural tumors, schwannomas, langerhans cell histiocytosis
29
PSAMMOMA Bodies
laminated, concentric calcific spherules. 1) papillary carcinoma of thyroid 2) serous papillar cystadenocarcinoma of ovary 3) meningioma 4) malignant mesotheioma