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General Principles > Microbio > Flashcards

Microbio Flashcards

1
Q

Giemsa stain

A

Certain Bugs Really Try my Patience

Chlamydia, Borrealia, Rickettsiaae, Trypanosomes, Plasmodium

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2
Q

PAS

A

stains glycogen / mucopolysaccharides –> whipple disease

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3
Q

Ziehl-Neelsen (carbol fuchsin)

A

acid fast organisms (nocardia / mycobacterium)

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4
Q

India ink

A

cryptococcus neoformans (also mucicarmine for thick polysaccharide capsule)

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5
Q

Silver stain

A

Pneumocystic, Legionella, H. Pylori

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6
Q

Obligate Aerobes

A

O2 dependent system to generate ATP:

Nocardia, Pseudomonas, M. TB

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7
Q

obligate anaerobes

A

Clostridum, Bacteroides, Actinomyces (lack catalase / superoxide dismutase –> susceptible to oxidative damage).

1) contain short-chain fatty acids –> foul smelling
2) difficult to culture
3) produce gas in tissue (Co2 /H2)

Aminoglycosides are ineffective against anaerobes

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8
Q

capsule + protein conjugate

A

antigen in vaccines

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9
Q

effect of immune system on encapsulated bacteria

A

capsules = antiphagocytic virulence factor –> opsonized and cleared by spleen. increased risk for asplenics

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10
Q

catalase-positive organisms:

A

you need PLACESS for your cats

Pseudomonas
Listeria
Aspergillus
Candida
Ecoli
S. aureus
Serratia

catalse degrades H2O2 before it can be converted to a microbicidal by myeloperoxidase.

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11
Q

urease-positive bugs

A

Cryptococcus, H. pylori, Proteus Ureaplasma, Nocaria, Klebsiella, S. epidermis, S. saprophyticus

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12
Q

Protein A

A

binds to Fc region of IgG –> prevent opsonization / phagocytosis. found on Staph Aureus

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13
Q

IgA protease

A

cleaves IgA. secreted by S. pneumo, H. influenzze, Neisseria –> allows colonization of respiratory mucos

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14
Q

M protein

A

prevents phagocytosis (found on group A strep)

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15
Q

more specific test for TB

A

interferon gamma release assay (IGRA)

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16
Q

mechanism of TB virulence

A

1) cord factor inhibits macrophage maturation + induces release of TNF-alpha
2) sulfatides (glycolipids) inhibiting phagolysosomal fusion

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17
Q

2 forms of leprosy

A

1) lepromatous: lion-like faces –> communicable. low cell-mediated immunity +humoral Th2 response
2) tuberculoid: hypoesthetic hairless skin plaques; high cll-mediated immunity w/ a large Th1-type immune response

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18
Q

treatment of leprosy

A

1) tuberculoid: dapsone + rifampin for 6 months

2) lepromatous: dapsone, rifampin, clofazimine for 2-5 years

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19
Q

legionella staining

A

silver stain

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20
Q

growth of legionella

A

charcoal yeast extract w/ Fe / Cysteine

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21
Q

legionnaires disease presentation

A

severe pneumo, fever, GI / CNS symptoms

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22
Q

labs for legionella

A

hyponatremia

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23
Q

yersinia enterocolitica transmission

A

pet feces, contaminated milk, pork –> mesenteric adenitis –> mimics crohn’s disease / appendicitis

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24
Q

h. pylori

A

curved ram-neg rod –> catalase, oxidase, urease +

25
Q

spirochetes

A

borrelia, leptospira, treponema.

26
Q

treponema on microscopy

A

dark-field microscopy; no seen on gram stain

27
Q

leptospira interrogans presentation

A

flu-like symptoms, jaundice, photphobia w/ conjunctival suffusion (erythema w/o exudate)

28
Q

weil disease

A

icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis: severe leptospirosis w/ jaundice + azotemia from liver / kidney dysfunction (fever, hemorrhage, anemia)

29
Q

stages of syphilis

A

1) painless chancre
2) dissseminated w/ maculopapular rash on palms / soles, condylomata lata
3) gummas (chronic granuloma), aortitis (vasa vasorum destruction), neurosyphilis, argyll-roberson pupil

signs: broad-based ataxia, +romberg, charcot joint, stroke w/o HTN

30
Q

neurosyphilis test

A

test spinal fluid w/ VDRL / RPR

31
Q

congenital syphilis

A

saber shins, saddle nose, CN 8 deafness, Hutchinson teeth, mulberry molars

32
Q

what are the bacteria that share a toxin with the mechanism of inactivating EF-2?

A

pseudomonas

c. diphtheria -

33
Q

what two bacteria have an exotoxin that inactivates the 60S ribosome by removing adenine from rNA?

A

1) shiga toxin - Shigella
2) Shiga-like toxin - EHEC (including O157:H7)

not that unlike shigella, EHEC does NOT invade host cell

34
Q

what are the bacteria that increase fluid secretion (3)

A

1) ETEC
2) B. anthracis
3) v. cholerae

35
Q

where are endotoxins found and what happens when they are released?

A

1) LPS found in gram-negative bacteria

2) macrophages, complement, tissue factor activated

36
Q

describe what happens when macrophages are activated by endotoxin?

A

1) IL-1 –> fever
2) TNF –> hypotension + fever
3) nitric oxide –> hypotension

37
Q

describe what happens when there is complement activation by endotoxin

A

1) C3a –> hypotension / edema

2) C5a –> neutrophil chemotaxis

38
Q

describe what happens there is tissue factor activation by endotoxin

A

coagulation cascade activated –> DIC

39
Q

describe the 2 toxins of ETEC:

A

1) heat-lable = overactivated adenylated –> incr. cAMP –> Cl- secretion in gut + H2O secretion
2) heat-stable toxin: overactivated gunylate cyclase: incr. cGMP –> dec. reabsorption of NaCl / H2O gut

40
Q

what does the edema factor toxin of b. anthracis do?

A

mimics adenylate cyclase enzyme –> incr. cAMP

41
Q

vibrio cholerae cholera toxin

A

overactivates adenylate cyclase –> icr. cAMP and activates Gs –> incr. Cl- secretion in gut + H2O efflux

42
Q

compare and contrast Clostridium tetain vs. botulinum

A

both = proteases cleaving SNARE proteins that intefere with endocytosis necessary for NT release.

C. tetatin = inhibit GABA release –> spasticity & over-activity at Renshaw cells in the spinal cord
Botulinum = inhibit Ach release at NMJ –> flaccid paralysis

43
Q

mechanism of pertussis

A

toxin overactivates adenylate cyclase –> incr. cAMP, disables Gi –> impaired phagocytosis

44
Q

what organisms release superantigens that can cause shock?

A

1) staph aureus (TSST1):
2) group A strep = strep pyogenes (exotoxin A)

both bring MHC II + TCR in proximity to antigen binding site –> release IFN-y + IL-2 –> shock.

45
Q

what exotoxins lyse cells?

A

1) c. perfringens: alpha toxin –> lecithinase degrades tissue / cell membranes
2) strep pyogenes: degrades cell membrane

46
Q

what bacteria are capable of natural transformation

A
  • can take up naked DNA from environment
  • S. pneumo, Hinfluenze, Neisseria
  • competence inhibited by deoxyribonuclease
47
Q

which genes are encoded by a lysogenic phage? (5) ABCDE

A

1) shigA-like toxin
2) Botulinum toxin
3) Cholera
4) Diphtheria
5) Erythrogenic of s. pyogenes

48
Q

which are alpha-hemolytic organisms?

A
  • green ring on colonies on blood agar
    1) strep pneumo
    2) viridans streptococci
49
Q

which are beta-hemolytic organisms?

A
  • clear hemolysis on blood agar
    1) staph aureus (catalase + coagulase)
    2) strepto pyogenes: group A strep
    3) strep. agalactiae: group B strep
    4) listeria monocytogenes
50
Q

for which neisseria is there a vaccine?

A

menigococci, though none for type B

gonococci has no vaccine b/c of rapid antigenic variation of pilus proteins

51
Q

what are the different virulence factors for e. coli?

A

fibraie: cystitis / pyelonephritis
K capsule: pneumo / neonatal menigitis
LPS endotoxin: septic shock

52
Q

which can spread hematogenously, shigella or salmonella?

A

salmonella

53
Q

which produces hydrogen sulfide: salmonella or shigella?

A

salmonella

54
Q

what’s the difference in administration of antibiotics for shigella vs. salmonella?

A
  • shigella may shorten the duration of the organism’s fecal excretion
  • antibiotics may prolong fecal excretion of salmonella
55
Q

what disease mimics crohn’s / appendicitis?

A

yersenia

56
Q

what is the treatment for all rickettsial diseases / vector-borne illnesses?

A

doxycycline

57
Q

histoplasmosis

A

histo hides w/in macrophages. associated w/ bat / bird droppings

58
Q

blastomycosis

A

granulomtaous nodules.

broad-based budding

59
Q

coccidioddomycosis

A

spherule filled w/ endospoers

-causes pneumo / menigitis –> disseminated to bone / skin

General Principles (16 decks)

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