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Microbio Flashcards

1
Q

Giemsa stain

A

Certain Bugs Really Try my Patience

Chlamydia, Borrealia, Rickettsiaae, Trypanosomes, Plasmodium

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2
Q

PAS

A

stains glycogen / mucopolysaccharides –> whipple disease

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3
Q

Ziehl-Neelsen (carbol fuchsin)

A

acid fast organisms (nocardia / mycobacterium)

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4
Q

India ink

A

cryptococcus neoformans (also mucicarmine for thick polysaccharide capsule)

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5
Q

Silver stain

A

Pneumocystic, Legionella, H. Pylori

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6
Q

Obligate Aerobes

A

O2 dependent system to generate ATP:

Nocardia, Pseudomonas, M. TB

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7
Q

obligate anaerobes

A

Clostridum, Bacteroides, Actinomyces (lack catalase / superoxide dismutase –> susceptible to oxidative damage).

1) contain short-chain fatty acids –> foul smelling
2) difficult to culture
3) produce gas in tissue (Co2 /H2)

Aminoglycosides are ineffective against anaerobes

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8
Q

capsule + protein conjugate

A

antigen in vaccines

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9
Q

effect of immune system on encapsulated bacteria

A

capsules = antiphagocytic virulence factor –> opsonized and cleared by spleen. increased risk for asplenics

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10
Q

catalase-positive organisms:

A

you need PLACESS for your cats

Pseudomonas
Listeria
Aspergillus
Candida
Ecoli
S. aureus
Serratia

catalse degrades H2O2 before it can be converted to a microbicidal by myeloperoxidase.

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11
Q

urease-positive bugs

A

Cryptococcus, H. pylori, Proteus Ureaplasma, Nocaria, Klebsiella, S. epidermis, S. saprophyticus

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12
Q

Protein A

A

binds to Fc region of IgG –> prevent opsonization / phagocytosis. found on Staph Aureus

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13
Q

IgA protease

A

cleaves IgA. secreted by S. pneumo, H. influenzze, Neisseria –> allows colonization of respiratory mucos

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14
Q

M protein

A

prevents phagocytosis (found on group A strep)

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15
Q

more specific test for TB

A

interferon gamma release assay (IGRA)

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16
Q

mechanism of TB virulence

A

1) cord factor inhibits macrophage maturation + induces release of TNF-alpha
2) sulfatides (glycolipids) inhibiting phagolysosomal fusion

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17
Q

2 forms of leprosy

A

1) lepromatous: lion-like faces –> communicable. low cell-mediated immunity +humoral Th2 response
2) tuberculoid: hypoesthetic hairless skin plaques; high cll-mediated immunity w/ a large Th1-type immune response

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18
Q

treatment of leprosy

A

1) tuberculoid: dapsone + rifampin for 6 months

2) lepromatous: dapsone, rifampin, clofazimine for 2-5 years

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19
Q

legionella staining

A

silver stain

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20
Q

growth of legionella

A

charcoal yeast extract w/ Fe / Cysteine

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21
Q

legionnaires disease presentation

A

severe pneumo, fever, GI / CNS symptoms

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22
Q

labs for legionella

A

hyponatremia

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23
Q

yersinia enterocolitica transmission

A

pet feces, contaminated milk, pork –> mesenteric adenitis –> mimics crohn’s disease / appendicitis

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24
Q

h. pylori

A

curved ram-neg rod –> catalase, oxidase, urease +

25
spirochetes
borrelia, leptospira, treponema.
26
treponema on microscopy
dark-field microscopy; no seen on gram stain
27
leptospira interrogans presentation
flu-like symptoms, jaundice, photphobia w/ conjunctival suffusion (erythema w/o exudate)
28
weil disease
icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis: severe leptospirosis w/ jaundice + azotemia from liver / kidney dysfunction (fever, hemorrhage, anemia)
29
stages of syphilis
1) painless chancre 2) dissseminated w/ maculopapular rash on palms / soles, condylomata lata 3) gummas (chronic granuloma), aortitis (vasa vasorum destruction), neurosyphilis, argyll-roberson pupil signs: broad-based ataxia, +romberg, charcot joint, stroke w/o HTN
30
neurosyphilis test
test spinal fluid w/ VDRL / RPR
31
congenital syphilis
saber shins, saddle nose, CN 8 deafness, Hutchinson teeth, mulberry molars
32
what are the bacteria that share a toxin with the mechanism of inactivating EF-2?
pseudomonas | c. diphtheria -
33
what two bacteria have an exotoxin that inactivates the 60S ribosome by removing adenine from rNA?
1) shiga toxin - Shigella 2) Shiga-like toxin - EHEC (including O157:H7) not that unlike shigella, EHEC does NOT invade host cell
34
what are the bacteria that increase fluid secretion (3)
1) ETEC 2) B. anthracis 3) v. cholerae
35
where are endotoxins found and what happens when they are released?
1) LPS found in gram-negative bacteria | 2) macrophages, complement, tissue factor activated
36
describe what happens when macrophages are activated by endotoxin?
1) IL-1 --> fever 2) TNF --> hypotension + fever 3) nitric oxide --> hypotension
37
describe what happens when there is complement activation by endotoxin
1) C3a --> hypotension / edema | 2) C5a --> neutrophil chemotaxis
38
describe what happens there is tissue factor activation by endotoxin
coagulation cascade activated --> DIC
39
describe the 2 toxins of ETEC:
1) heat-lable = overactivated adenylated --> incr. cAMP --> Cl- secretion in gut + H2O secretion 2) heat-stable toxin: overactivated gunylate cyclase: incr. cGMP --> dec. reabsorption of NaCl / H2O gut
40
what does the edema factor toxin of b. anthracis do?
mimics adenylate cyclase enzyme --> incr. cAMP
41
vibrio cholerae cholera toxin
overactivates adenylate cyclase --> icr. cAMP and activates Gs --> incr. Cl- secretion in gut + H2O efflux
42
compare and contrast Clostridium tetain vs. botulinum
both = proteases cleaving SNARE proteins that intefere with endocytosis necessary for NT release. C. tetatin = inhibit GABA release --> spasticity & over-activity at Renshaw cells in the spinal cord Botulinum = inhibit Ach release at NMJ --> flaccid paralysis
43
mechanism of pertussis
toxin overactivates adenylate cyclase --> incr. cAMP, disables Gi --> impaired phagocytosis
44
what organisms release superantigens that can cause shock?
1) staph aureus (TSST1): 2) group A strep = strep pyogenes (exotoxin A) both bring MHC II + TCR in proximity to antigen binding site --> release IFN-y + IL-2 --> shock.
45
what exotoxins lyse cells?
1) c. perfringens: alpha toxin --> lecithinase degrades tissue / cell membranes 2) strep pyogenes: degrades cell membrane
46
what bacteria are capable of natural transformation
- can take up naked DNA from environment - S. pneumo, Hinfluenze, Neisseria - competence inhibited by deoxyribonuclease
47
which genes are encoded by a lysogenic phage? (5) ABCDE
1) shigA-like toxin 2) Botulinum toxin 3) Cholera 4) Diphtheria 5) Erythrogenic of s. pyogenes
48
which are alpha-hemolytic organisms?
- green ring on colonies on blood agar 1) strep pneumo 2) viridans streptococci
49
which are beta-hemolytic organisms?
- clear hemolysis on blood agar 1) staph aureus (catalase + coagulase) 2) strepto pyogenes: group A strep 3) strep. agalactiae: group B strep 4) listeria monocytogenes
50
for which neisseria is there a vaccine?
menigococci, though none for type B | gonococci has no vaccine b/c of rapid antigenic variation of pilus proteins
51
what are the different virulence factors for e. coli?
fibraie: cystitis / pyelonephritis K capsule: pneumo / neonatal menigitis LPS endotoxin: septic shock
52
which can spread hematogenously, shigella or salmonella?
salmonella
53
which produces hydrogen sulfide: salmonella or shigella?
salmonella
54
what's the difference in administration of antibiotics for shigella vs. salmonella?
- shigella may shorten the duration of the organism's fecal excretion - antibiotics may prolong fecal excretion of salmonella
55
what disease mimics crohn's / appendicitis?
yersenia
56
what is the treatment for all rickettsial diseases / vector-borne illnesses?
doxycycline
57
histoplasmosis
histo hides w/in macrophages. associated w/ bat / bird droppings
58
blastomycosis
granulomtaous nodules. | broad-based budding
59
coccidioddomycosis
spherule filled w/ endospoers | -causes pneumo / menigitis --> disseminated to bone / skin

General Principles (16 decks)

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