Pharamacokinetics

Question 1

What does pareteral mean?

Answer 1

the administration of drugs by any route other than the mouth

Question 2

Purpose of the small intestines in relation to drugs

Answer 2

Major site for absorption of orally administered drugs

Question 3

What is the hepatic first pass effect

Answer 3

Orally administered. drugs pass from the intestines to. the liver before reaching the systematic circulation resulting in a proportion of the medication being metabolised by the liver before it reaches the bloodstream

Question 4

Define metabolism

Answer 4

The enzymatic breakdown of. a drug to a metabolite, that is typically less biologically active and more water soluble (easier to excrete in urine)

Question 5

What is an agonist

Answer 5

A drug that binds to and activates the receptor., producing the same response as the endogenous ligand

Question 6

What is an antagonist

Answer 6

A drug that binds to the receptors and blocks the access to the endogenous liana, thus diminishing the normal response

Question 7

Adverse drug reaction Type A

Answer 7

Predictable, intended and desirable response to a drug

Question 8

Adverse drug reaction Type B

Answer 8

Unpredictable, unintended, undesirable. response to a drug

Question 9

What is lysis?

Answer 9

the breakdown of a cell caused by damage to its plasma (outer) membrane

Question 10

Define pro-drug

Answer 10

A drug that is converted to its active form after absorption

Question 11

Define pharmacogenetics

Answer 11

The study of genetic differences that can alter an individual response to a drug

Question 12

Define pharmacodynamics

Answer 12

The study of the interaction. between a drug and its molecular target and the physiological response (MOA)

Question 13

Define enzyme induction

Answer 13

Increase synthesis of more enzyme protein, leading to an increase in drug metabolism

Question 14

What does specificity refer to

Answer 14

Refers to the narrowness of a drug; the property of the drug that acts at one site, producing one effect

Question 15

What is a therapeutic index

Answer 15

A ratio that compares the blood concentration at which a drug becomes toxic and the concentration at which the drug is effective the larger the ratio the safer the drug is

Question 16

What is zero order kinetics

Answer 16

elimination of drugs at a constant rate regardless of the plasma concentration

Question 17

What is a loading dose

Answer 17

A larger than normal dose administrated as the first in a series of doses.
It is administered to achieve the therapeutic amount in the body more rapidly than would occur only by accumulation of the repeated in smaller doses

Question 18

What is a receptor

Answer 18

A large group of proteins that are molecule targets for drugs and lipids

Question 19

What is an enzyme

Answer 19

Biological molecule that catalyses a chemical reaction or causes a chemical change in another substance

Question 20

Define steady state

Answer 20

The situation in which the rate of a drug administered equals the rate of elimination and the plasma concentration remains constant

Question 21

Define half-life

Answer 21

The time taken for the blood or plasma concentration of a drug to fall by 50%

Question 22

What does efficacy mean?

Answer 22

The ability of the drug achieved its desired therapeutic response

Question 23

What isa ligand?

Answer 23

A substance that forma a complex with a receptor to serve a biological purpose

Question 24

What does pharmacokinetics mean?

Answer 24

The study of how a drug is altered during the process of absorption, distribution, metabolises and excretion

Question 25

Identify variables that may affect pharmacokinetics (all four phases)

Answer 25

Absorption - how the drug moves from the site of administration to site of action
Distribution - journey of the drug
Metabolism - process that breaks down the drug
Excretion - removal of drug from body

Question 26

Explain why the vast majority of medications prescribed for paediatric and adolescent patients are based on weight

Answer 26

This is related to the varied pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and disease process differences. Differences seen in the pharmacokinetics between adults and children and be related to a number of factors such as age, gender, body compositions, motivation of liver and kidneys and other systems