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PHARM > PHAM EXAM 10 > Flashcards

PHAM EXAM 10 Flashcards

1
Q

3 layers of skin

A

epidermis
dermis
subQ

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2
Q

outermost layer; 5% thickness

five layers

A

epidermis

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3
Q

outermost strongest layer of epidermis

large amt of keratin

forms barrier that repels bacteria and foreign matter

thickest in high-stress areas–soles an palms

A

stratum corneum

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4
Q

deepest layer of epidermis

supplies new cells to epidermis

A

stratum basale

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5
Q

middle layers of epidermis

A

stratum spinosum, granulosum, lucidum

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6
Q

secretes the dark pigment melanin

helps protect the skin from UV rays

A

melanocytes

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7
Q

second layer; 95% thickness

foundation for hair and nails

nerve endings, oil glands, sweat glands, blood vessels here

A

dermis

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8
Q

third layer; composed of adipose tissue

cushions, insulates, provides source of energy

is not considered when measuring skin layers

A

SUBQ

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9
Q

Supplied by stratum basale

Deepest epidermal layer

Old cells damaged or lost by normal wear

A

skin cells

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10
Q

Takes ? weeks for new cell to reach skin surface

A

3

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11
Q

Pigment determined by amount of

A

melanin

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12
Q

Protects skin from ultraviolet in sunlight

A

melanin

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13
Q

Causes of Skin Disorders

A

Infectious
Inflammatory
Neoplastic

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14
Q

examples of infectious skin disorders

A

bacterial
fungal
parasitic
viral

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15
Q

bacterial infections

A

boils
impetigo
infected hair follicles

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16
Q

fungal infections

A

ringworm
athletes foot
jock itch
nail infection

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17
Q

parasitic infections

A

ticks
mites
lice

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18
Q

viral infections

A 
cold sores
fever blisters
chicken pox
warts
shingles
measles
german measles
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19
Q

injury & exposure to the sun

combo of overactive glands, increased hormone production, and/or infection such as acne and rosacea

A

inflammatory

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20
Q

inflammatory skin disorders

A

disorders with:

itching, cracking, and discomfort such as:

atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, stasis dermatitis, and psoriasis

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21
Q

neoplastic skin disorders

A

skin cancers: squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, and malignant melanoma

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22
Q

benign neoplasms include

A

keratosis & keratocanthoma

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23
Q

May be reflective of disease processes occurring elsewhere in the body

A

dermatologic sx and symptoms

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24
Q

dermatologic sx and symptoms include:

A

abnormalities in skin color, sizes, character of surface lesions, skin and moisture

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25
Q

hormones influence glandular activity, calcium homeostasis, and skin health

A

endocrine system

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26
Q

the skin and muscles are important for proper body movement and expression

A

muscular system

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27
Q

helps fight diseases and infections of the skin

A

lymphatic system

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28
Q

proper nutrition is important for healthy skin

A

digestine system

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29
Q

emotions affect skin coloration.

the skin is a sensory organ

A

nervous sytem

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30
Q

the blood carries oxygen and carbon dioxide, factors that influence skin health and coloration

A

cardiovascular system

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31
Q

the lungs provide oxygen to all cells in the body

A

respiratory system

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32
Q

the bones are a strong storage site for calcium, an important mineral connected with Vit. D function

A

skeletal system

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33
Q

the skin covers external genitalia

sex hormones influence skin health

A

reproductive system

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34
Q

Bacterial infections occur when there is

A

a break in the skin’s defenses

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35
Q

Two most common: bacterial skin infections

A

staph and streptococcus

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36
Q

Many bacterial skin infections are mild and self-limiting and can be treated with?

A

topical antibiotics

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37
Q

Serious skin infections are deep or systemic require what kind of tx?

A

oral or parental antibiotics

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38
Q

Occur in warm, moist areas of skin

A

fungal skin infections

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39
Q

tinea pedis

A

athletes foot

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40
Q

tinea cruris

A

jock itch

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41
Q

tinea capitits

A

ring worm of scalp

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42
Q

tinea ungium

A

nails

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43
Q

all of the tines are treated with?

A

topical antifungals

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44
Q

Fungal infections of skin and mucous membranes of immunocompromised patients are serious and are treated with?

A

oral or parenteral antifungal

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45
Q

childhood viral skin infections

A

varicella (chickenpox)
rubeola (measles)
rubella (german measles)

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46
Q

adult viral infections

A 
herpes zoster (shingles)
herpes simplex (cold sores and genital lesions)
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47
Q

pharmacotherapy for viral infections

A

topical or oral antiviral therapy with acyclovir (Zovirax)

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48
Q

what causes scabies?

A

mites (sarcoptes scabiei)

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49
Q

what do scabies do?

A

the female burrows into skin & lays eggs

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50
Q

scabies cause intense _____.

A

itching

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51
Q

common areas for scabies

A 
fingers, 
extremities, 
trunk, 
axillary and 
gluteal folds, 
pubic area
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52
Q

scabies is spread by?

A

contact with upholstery and linens

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53
Q

Infest areas with hair

Transmitted by infected clothing or personal contact

A

lice (pediculus)

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54
Q

lice Lay eggs and leave debris called ____.

A

nits

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55
Q

kill mites

A

scabicides

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56
Q

kill lice

A

pediculicides

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57
Q

tx of choice for lice and scabies is ?

A

permethrin (Nix)

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58
Q

mechanism of action for Nix

A

Kills head and crab lice and mites and eradicate their ova

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59
Q

what type of drug is Nix

A

cream or lotion

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60
Q

1% lotion of Nix is approved for

A

lice

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61
Q

5% lotion of Nix is approved for?

A

mites

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62
Q

sx of Nix

A

few systemic effects

Local reactions include pruritus, 
rash,
transient tingling, 
burning, 
stinging, 
erythema, and 
edema
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63
Q

Common problem among general public

Associated with light-skinned complexion and lack of sun protection

A

sunburn

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64
Q

Dangers of skin exposure

A

eye injury
cataracts
skin cancer

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65
Q

Affect only the outer layers of the epidermis

A

minor, first-degree burns

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66
Q

Signs and symptoms of sunburn include:

A 
Erythema, 
intense pain, 
nausea, 
vomiting 
Chills, 
edema, and 
headache
67
Q

The best treatment for sunburn is

A

prevention

68
Q

Absorb the spectrum of UV light

Include those that contain benzophenone for protection against UVA rays

A

chemical sunscreens

69
Q

Cinnamates, p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) work against UVB rays

A

chemical sunscreens

70
Q

Such as zinc oxide, talc, and titanium dioxide

Reflect or scatter light

Prevent the penetration of both UVA and UVB rays

A

physical sunscreens

71
Q

is another sunscreen product that is being used

A

parsol

72
Q

Treatment for sunburn consists of:

Addressing symptoms with soothing lotions, rest, & prevention of ______.

A

dehydration

73
Q

Topical anesthetics for minor burns include

A

benzocaine (Solarcaine)
dibucaine (Nupercainal)
lidocaine (Xylocaine)
tetracaine HCl (Pontocaine)

74
Q

is a popular natural therapy for minor skin irritations and burns

A

aloe vera

75
Q

Affects 80% of adolescents

A

acne vulgaris

76
Q

Also found in over-30 population

A

acne tardive

77
Q

overproduction of sebum by oil glands

A

seborrhea

78
Q

Abnormal formation of keratin that blocks oil glands

A

causes acne vulgaris

79
Q

Stimulate sebum production

A

androgens

80
Q

Most common OTC benzoyl peroxide

A

benzalin

triaz

81
Q

Progressive disorder

Onset between 30 and 50 years of age

Characteristic symptoms:
Small papules without pus
Flushed face around nose and cheeks

Soft tissues of nose may swell—rhinophyma

A

rosacea

82
Q

Soft tissues of nose may swell—

A

rhinophyma

83
Q

Rosacea Exacerbation

A

Sunlight, stress, increased temperature

Agents that dilate facial blood vessels

84
Q

Dries and sheds outer layer of epidermis

A

Keratolytic—

85
Q

ex of keratolytic

A

benzoyl peroxide

86
Q

Reduce oil production and clogged pores

Do not use if patient is pregnant

A

retinoids

87
Q

common reaction to retinoids is?

A

sensitivity to sunlight

88
Q

Pharmacotherapy of Acne and Rosacea

A 
benzoyl peroxide
retinoids
antibiotics
estrogen
antiprotozoals
89
Q

Decreases comedone formation and increases extrusion of comedones

A

tretinoin (Retin-A)

90
Q

Primary use of tertian (retin-a)

A

early treatment and control of mild to moderate acne vulgaris

91
Q

AE of retinoids

A 
Very high doses can cause bone pain, 
fever, 
headache, 
nausea, 
vomiting, 
rash, 
stomatitis, 
pruritus, 
sweating, and 
ocular disorders
92
Q

Inflammatory skin disorder—pain, redness, and pruritus

A

dermatitis

93
Q

Chronic dermatitis; genetic predisposition

A

atopic dermatitis or eczema

94
Q

hypersensitivity response dermatitis

A

contact dermatitis

95
Q

type of dermatitis Seen in newborns and teenagers after puberty

A

seborrheic dermatitis

96
Q

type of dermatitis that is a Sign of poor venous circulation

A

stasis dermatitis

97
Q

most effective tx of dermatitis

A

topical glucocorticoids

98
Q

Relieve local inflammation and itching

A

topical glucocorticoids

99
Q

Adverse effects with long-term use of topical glucocorticoids

A

Irritation,
redness,
thinning of skin

100
Q

Available in creams, lotions, solutions, gels, pads

A

topical glucocorticoids

101
Q

Chronic skin disorder

A

psoriasis

102
Q

sx of psoriasis

A

Red patches of skin covered with flaky, ­silver-colored scales (plaques)

103
Q

etiology of psoriasis

A

May be genetic immune reaction

104
Q

Causes extremely fast skin-turnover rate

Plaques are shed rapidly

Underlying skin is inflamed and irritated

A

psoriasis

105
Q

goal of pharmacotherapy for psoriasis

A

reduce erythema, plaques, and scales to improve appearance

106
Q

is there a cure for psoriasis

A

NO

107
Q

Topical Therapies for Psoriasis

A

Topical corticosteroids
Topical immunomodulators (TIMs)
Retinoid-like compounds

108
Q

Suppress immune system

A

Topical immunomodulators (TIMs)

109
Q

When topical drugs fail for psoriasis

A

methotrexate
cyclosporine
biologic thearapies

110
Q

immunosuppressive agent, for severe conditions.

A

Cyclosporine (Sandimmune, Neoral)

111
Q

biologic therapies for psoriasis:

A

alefacept

adalimumab

112
Q

what to do before assessing pt with scabicides or pediculicide

A

don gloves

113
Q

Assess patient’s ? for evidence of lice, nits, or scabies

A

hair & skin

114
Q

what other areas to assess?

A

axilla, neckline, hairline, groin, beltline areas

115
Q

For severe cases of sunburn, assess for

A

fever, chills, weakness, shock

116
Q

may cause hypersensitivity reaction in sunburns

A

Topical benzocaine (Solarcaine)

117
Q

Do trial application on small area of skin

A

topical benzocaine

118
Q

Have patient undress so you can examine extent of

A

acne

119
Q

Assess anterior and posterior ____ for acne.

A

thorax

120
Q

Drug Therapy for Acne-related Disorders

A

isotretinoin (acutane)

121
Q

acutane is Contraindicated with

A

history of depression,
suicidal ideation,
pregnancy

122
Q

what should you Obtain in all female patients of childbearing years

A

pregnancy test

123
Q

filled with aqueous humor

A

Anterior cavity

124
Q

Aqueous humor originates from ____ _____ in posterior chamber

A

ciliary body

125
Q

aqueous humor Flows through the ___ into anterior chamber

A

pupil

126
Q

Occurs when there is increased intraocular pressure

Leads to optic nerve damage and visual-field loss

A

glaucoma

127
Q

glaucoma is the leading cause of ?

A

preventable blindness

128
Q

glaucoma Can be secondary to certain conditions such as?

A 
Eye trauma, 
diabetes, 
inflammation
Hemorrhage, 
tumor, 
cataracts
129
Q

long term use of what meds can cause glaucoma?

A

glucocorticoids
antihypertensives
antihistamines
antidepressants

130
Q

what medical condition cause cause glaucoma?

A

HTN

131
Q

Migraine headaches

Severe nearsightedness or farsightedness

Normal aging

A

risk factors for glaucoma

132
Q

both types of glaucoma result from?

A

build up of aqueous humor

133
Q

what can cause the build up of aqueous humor

A

excessive production

blockage of outflow

134
Q

Measures intraocular pressure (IOP)

A

tonometry

135
Q

Goal of glaucoma is to prevent damage to optic nerve by ?

A

lowering IOP

136
Q

when does Treatment begin for glucoma:

A

when IOP is between 21-30mmHg

When signs of optic nerve damage or visual-field changes are present

137
Q

Drugs used for glaucoma decrease what?

A

Decrease IOP by increasing outflow of aqueous humor, or

Decrease formation of aqueous humor

138
Q

Dilate trabecular meshwork

Increase aqueous humor outflow

A

Prostaglandins

139
Q

Decrease production of aqueous humor

A

beta-adrenergic blockers

&

Alpha2-adrenergic agonists

&

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

140
Q

AE of beta-adrenergic blockers

A

bronchoconstriction,
dysrhythmias,
hypotension

141
Q

Dilate pupil to increase outflow

May also cause increased IOP, increased BP and HR

Rarely used for glaucoma

A

Nonselective sympathomimetics (mydriatics)

142
Q

Constrict pupil to allow more room for outflow

A

Cholinergic agonists (miotics)

143
Q

Reduce formation of aqueous humor

A

Osmotic diuretics

144
Q

believed to reduce IOP by increasing outflow of aqueous humor

A

latanoprost (Xalatan)

145
Q

primary use for latanoprost (Xalatan)

A

to treat open-angle glaucoma

146
Q

AE of latanoprost (Xalatan)

A

conjunctival edema, tearing

147
Q

other AE of latanoprost (Xalatan)

A

Dryness, burning, pain, irritation

Itching, sensation of foreign body in eye

Photophobia and/or visual disturbances

Eyelashes on treated eye may grow thicker and/or darker

Changes in pigmentation of iris of treated eye and periocular skin

148
Q

Reduces formation of aqueous humor

A

timolol (Timoptic, Timoptic XE)

149
Q

primary use of timolol (Timoptic, Timoptic XE)

A

to reduce elevated intraocular pressure in chronic open-angle glaucoma

150
Q

AE of timolol (Timoptic, Timoptic XE)

A

local burning and stinging upon instillation

151
Q

With use of beta blockers, teach patient how to ?

A

check pulse and blood pressure

152
Q

Dilate pupil to allow better visualization

Cause photophobia, can increase IOP, can cause CNS effects

A

Mydriatics

153
Q

Cause both dilation and relaxation of ciliary muscle

Cause severe blurred vision, loss of near vision, angle-closure glaucoma attacks

A

Cycloplegics

154
Q

Drugs for Irritation and Dryness

A

Vasoconstrictors

Cycloplegics

Mydriatics

Lubricant drugs

155
Q

Actions of Drugs for Irritation and Dryness

A

Lubricate eye’s surface

Penetrate specific area of eye

156
Q

Two major sensory functions of the ear

A

Hearing

Equilibrium and balance

157
Q

Associated with water (swimmer’s ear)

A

External otitis

158
Q

Associated with upper respiratory infections, allergies, auditory tube irritation

A

otitis media

159
Q

inflammation of mastoid sinus

A

Mastoiditis

160
Q

what can mastoiditis lead to if untreated?

A

hearing loss

161
Q

what type of antibiotics for external ear?

A

topical (ear drops)

162
Q

for middle and inner ear infections; also for extensive outer ear infections

A

systemic

163
Q

used when inflammation present of the ear

A

Topical corticosteroids

164
Q

Many otic medications contraindicated in presence of ?

A

perforated eardrum

PHARM (11 decks)

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