PHAK 9: Flight Manuals and Other Documents Flashcards
1
Q
What key manuals and documents should a pilot know for an aircraft?
A
- Airplane Flight Manual (AFM)
- Pilot’s Operating Handbook (POH)
- Documents on ownership, airworthiness, maintenance, and operations with inoperative equipment.
2
Q
Are aircraft documents and manuals required by regulation?
A
Yes, they are required documents and essential for compliance with aviation regulations and safe flight.
3
Q
Airplane Flight Manuals (AFM)
What is an Airplane Flight Manual (AFM)?
A
A document developed by the aircraft manufacturer and approved by the FAA that provides information and instructions for the safe operation of a specific make and model of aircraft.
4
Q
Airplane Flight Manuals (AFM)
Is the Aircraft Owner/Information Manual the same as the AFM?
A
No, the Aircraft Owner/Information Manual contains general information, is not FAA-approved, and cannot substitute for the AFM or POH.
5
Q
Airplane Flight Manuals (AFM)
What does the AFM include?
A
Operating procedures, limitations, and instructions specific to the make and model of the aircraft, often tied to its serial number.
6
Q
Airplane Flight Manuals (AFM)
What regulation requires compliance with AFM information?
A
14 CFR Part 91 mandates that pilots comply with operating limitations specified in AFMs, markings, and placards.
7
Q
Airplane Flight Manuals (AFM)
How has the format of flight manuals changed over time?
A
Originally varied by manufacturer but later standardized by the General Aviation Manufacturers Association (GAMA) under Specification No. 1.
8
Q
Airplane Flight Manuals (AFM)
What is the Pilot’s Operating Handbook (POH)?
A
A document developed by the aircraft manufacturer that contains FAA-approved AFM information and may include additional safety and operational tips.
9
Q
Airplane Flight Manuals (AFM)
When is the POH also considered the FAA-approved flight manual?
A
For most light aircraft built after 1975.
10
Q
Airplane Flight Manuals (AFM)
What are the nine standard sections in an AFM/POH?
A
- General
- Limitations
- Emergency Procedures
- Normal Procedures
- Performance
- Weight and Balance/Equipment List
- Systems Description
- Handling, Service, and Maintenance
- Supplements
11
Q
Airplane Flight Manuals (AFM)
Can manufacturers include additional sections in the AFM/POH?
A
Yes, such as Safety and Operational Tips or an alphabetical index.
12
Q
Airplane Flight Manuals (AFM): Preliminary Pages
What unique information is included on the title page of an AFM/POH?
A
The serial number and registration of the specific aircraft to which the manual belongs.
13
Q
Airplane Flight Manuals (AFM): Preliminary Pages
Can an AFM/POH without specific aircraft details be used for flight operations?
A
No, it is limited to general study purposes only.
14
Q
Airplane Flight Manuals (AFM): Preliminary Pages
What does the table of contents in an AFM/POH include?
A
The order of the entire manual by section number and title, with each section often having its own table of contents.
15
Q
Airplane Flight Manuals (AFM): Preliminary Pages
How are AFM/POH page numbers formatted?
A
By section and page number, e.g., 1-1, 1-2, 2-1, etc.
16
Q
Airplane Flight Manuals (AFM): Preliminary Pages
How are loose-leaf AFM/POHs typically organized?
A
Sections are marked with divider tabs indicating the section number, title, or both.
17
Q
Airplane Flight Manuals (AFM): Preliminary Pages
How is the Emergency Procedures section identified?
A
It often has a red tab for quick identification and reference.
18
Q
Airplane Flight Manuals (AFM): General (Section 1)
What basic information is provided in the General section of the AFM/POH?
A
Descriptive information on the airframe and powerplant(s), including component dimensions.
19
Q
Airplane Flight Manuals (AFM): General (Section 1)
What type of drawing is sometimes included in the General section?
A
A three-dimensional drawing showing aircraft component dimensions.
20
Q
Airplane Flight Manuals (AFM): General (Section 1)
List 10 examples of component dimensions found in the General section.
A
- Wingspan
- Maximum height
- Overall length
- Wheelbase length
- Main landing gear track width
- Rotor system diameter
- Maximum propeller diameter
- Propeller ground clearance
- Minimum turning radius
- Wing area
21
Q
Airplane Flight Manuals (AFM): General (Section 1)
What five additional information items are included at the end of the General section?
A
- Definitions
- Abbreviations
- Explanations of symbology
- Terminology used in the POH
- Metric and other conversion tables (at manufacturer’s discretion)
22
Q
Airplane Flight Manuals (AFM): General (Section 1)
What is the purpose of the General section in the AFM/POH?
A
To serve as a quick reference and familiarize the pilot with the aircraft.
23
Q
Airplane Flight Manuals (AFM): Limitations (Section 2)
What is the purpose of the Limitations section in the AFM/POH?
A
To provide limitations required by regulation or necessary for the safe operation of the aircraft, powerplant, systems, and equipment.
24
Q
Airplane Flight Manuals (AFM): Limitations (Section 2)
What four types of limitations are included in the Limitations section?
A
- Airspeed
- Powerplant
- Weight and loading distribution
- Flight
25
# Airplane Flight Manuals (AFM): Limitations (Section 2)
What four additional information items does the Limitations section include?
1. Operating limitations
2. Instrument markings
3. Color-coding
4. Basic placards
26
# Airplane Flight Manuals (AFM): Limitations (Section 2)
Why is the Limitations section critical for pilots?
It ensures compliance with safety regulations and provides essential information for safe aircraft operation.
27
# Airplane Flight Manuals (AFM): Airspeed
How are airspeed limitations shown in the aircraft?
Through color coding on the airspeed indicator (ASI), placards, or graphs.
28
# Airplane Flight Manuals (AFM): Airspeed
What does the red line on the ASI indicate?
The never-exceed speed (VNE)—the limit beyond which structural damage could occur.
29
# Airplane Flight Manuals (AFM): Airspeed
What does the yellow arc on the ASI represent?
The speed range between maximum structural cruising speed (VN0) and VNE, for smooth air only and with caution.
30
# Airplane Flight Manuals (AFM): Airspeed
What does the green arc on the ASI indicate?
The normal operating speed range, with the upper end at VN0 and the lower end at stalling speed (VS1) at maximum weight with the landing gear and flaps retracted.
31
# Airplane Flight Manuals (AFM): Airspeed
What does the white arc on the ASI represent?
The flap operating range, with the upper end at maximum flap extended speed (VFE) and the lower end at stalling speed (VS0) with landing gear and flaps in the landing configuration.
32
# Airplane Flight Manuals (AFM): Airspeed
What do the red and blue radial lines on the ASI indicate in small multi-engine airplanes?
* Red radial line: Single-engine minimum controllable airspeed (VMC).
* Blue radial line: Single-engine best rate of climb speed (VYSE) at maximum weight at sea level.
33
# Airplane Flight Manuals (AFM): Powerplant
What does the Powerplant Limitations section describe?
Operating limitations on an aircraft's reciprocating or turbine engine(s), including takeoff power, maximum continuous power, and maximum normal operating power.
34
# Airplane Flight Manuals (AFM): Powerplant
What does the green arc on a powerplant gauge indicate?
The maximum normal operating power, which the engine can produce without restrictions.
35
# Airplane Flight Manuals (AFM): Powerplant
What four additional limitations are described in the Powerplant Limitations section?
1. Minimum and maximum oil pressures
2. Minimum and maximum fuel pressures
3. Required oil and fuel grades
4. Propeller operating limits
36
# Airplane Flight Manuals (AFM): Powerplant
What instruments are required for reciprocating-engine-powered aircraft?
* RPM indicator for each engine
* Manifold pressure gauge and tachometer for aircraft with constant-speed propellers or rotor systems
37
# Airplane Flight Manuals (AFM): Powerplant
How are powerplant operating limits depicted on gauges?
* Red radial line: Maximum operating limit
* Green arc: Normal operating range
* Yellow arc (if present): Caution are
38
# Airplane Flight Manuals (AFM): Weight and Loading Distribution
What information is included in the Weight and Loading Distribution section? (3)
1. Maximum certificated weights
2. Center of gravity (CG) range
3. Location of the reference datum used in balance computations
39
# Airplane Flight Manuals (AFM): Weight and Loading Distribution
Where are weight and balance computations found in the AFM/POH?
In the Weight and Balance section, not the Weight and Loading Distribution section.
40
# Airplane Flight Manuals (AFM): Flight Limits
What is included in the Flight Limits section of the AFM/POH? (3)
1. Authorized maneuvers with appropriate entry speeds
2. Flight load factor limits
3. Types of operation limits
41
# Airplane Flight Manuals (AFM): Flight Limits
What are examples of prohibited maneuvers or operations listed in the Flight Limits section? (3)
1. Spins (if not authorized)
2. Acrobatic flight
3. Flight into known icing conditions
42
# Airplane Flight Manuals (AFM): Placards
What is the purpose of aircraft placards?
To provide information with a direct bearing on the safe operation of the aircraft.
43
# Airplane Flight Manuals (AFM): Placards
Where are aircraft placards located?
In conspicuous places within the aircraft.
44
# Airplane Flight Manuals (AFM): Placards
Where can the information on placards also be found?
In the Limitations section of the AFM/POH or as directed by an Airworthiness Directive (AD).
45
# Airplane Flight Manuals (AFM): Placards
What document might mandate specific placards on an aircraft?
Airworthiness Directives (AD).
46
# Airplane Flight Manuals (AFM): Emergency Procedures (Section 3)
What does the Emergency Procedures section of the AFM/POH include?
Checklists describing recommended procedures and airspeeds for handling emergencies such as engine failure, fire, and system failure.
47
# Airplane Flight Manuals (AFM): Emergency Procedures (Section 3)
What additional procedures might be included in the Emergency Procedures section?
Procedures for inflight engine restarting and ditching.
48
# Airplane Flight Manuals (AFM): Emergency Procedures (Section 3)
How are emergency checklists typically presented?
As an abbreviated checklist for immediate action items, followed by amplified checklists with additional details.
49
# Airplane Flight Manuals (AFM): Emergency Procedures (Section 3)
Why should pilots memorize immediate action items from emergency checklists?
To ensure quick and accurate responses during critical situations before referring to the checklist.
50
# Airplane Flight Manuals (AFM): Emergency Procedures (Section 3)
What is the purpose of the optional Abnormal Procedures subsection?
To describe recommended procedures for handling malfunctions that are not considered emergencies.
51
# Airplane Flight Manuals (AFM): Normal Procedures (Section 4)
What does the Normal Procedures section begin with?
A list of airspeeds for normal operations.
52
# Airplane Flight Manuals (AFM): Normal Procedures (Section 4)
What types of checklists are included in the Normal Procedures section? (12)
* Preflight inspection
* Starting engine
* Before taxiing
* Taxiing
* Before takeoff
* Climb
* Cruise
* Descent
* Before landing
* Balked landing
* After landing
* Post-flight procedures
53
# Airplane Flight Manuals (AFM): Normal Procedures (Section 4)
What follows the checklists in the Normal Procedures section?
An Amplified Procedures area with detailed information about the listed procedures.
54
# Airplane Flight Manuals (AFM): Normal Procedures (Section 4)
Why is it important to use the appropriate checklists during normal operations?
To avoid missing important steps and ensure safety.
55
# Airplane Flight Manuals (AFM): Normal Procedures (Section 4)
What does consistent adherence to checklists signify in a pilot?
Discipline and competence.
56
# Airplane Flight Manuals (AFM): Performance (Section 5)
What is the purpose of the Performance section in an AFM/POH?
To provide information required by certification regulations and additional data to ensure safe operation of the aircraft.
57
# Airplane Flight Manuals (AFM): Performance (Section 5)
What types of information are typically included in the Performance section? (5)
1. Calibrated to true airspeed conversion
2. Stall speeds in various configurations
3. Takeoff and climb performance
4. Cruise performance
5. Landing performance
58
# Airplane Flight Manuals (AFM): Performance (Section 5)
How do performance charts, tables, and graphs vary?
They vary in style but contain similar basic information.
59
# Airplane Flight Manuals (AFM): Performance (Section 5)
Where can you find additional guidance on using performance charts, graphs, and tables?
Chapter 10, Aircraft Performance.
60
# Airplane Flight Manuals (AFM): Performance (Section 5)
Why is the Performance section critical for pilots?
It helps determine safe operational parameters under different flight conditions.
61
# AFM: Weight and Balance/Equipment List (Section 6)
What is included in the Weight and Balance/Equipment List section?
All information required by the FAA to calculate the weight and balance of an aircraft.
62
# AFM: Weight and Balance/Equipment List (Section 6)
What additional material do manufacturers often include in this section?
Sample weight and balance problems.
63
# AFM: Weight and Balance/Equipment List (Section 6)
Where can you find a detailed discussion on weight and balance?
Chapter 10, Weight and Balance.
64
# AFM: Weight and Balance/Equipment List (Section 6)
Why is the Weight and Balance/Equipment List section important?
It ensures the aircraft is operated within safe weight and balance limits.
65
# Airplane Flight Manuals (AFM): Systems Description (Section 7)
What is covered in the Systems Description section?
The section describes the aircraft systems in a way appropriate to the pilot likely to operate the aircraft.
66
# Airplane Flight Manuals (AFM): Systems Description (Section 7)
How might the level of detail in this section vary?
For advanced aircraft, it assumes an experienced pilot is reading the information.
67
# Airplane Flight Manuals (AFM): Systems Description (Section 7)
Where can additional information about aircraft systems be found?
Chapter 7, Aircraft Systems.
68
# AFM: Handling, Service, and Maintenance (Section 8)
What is included in the Handling, Service, and Maintenance section?
Maintenance and inspections recommended by the manufacturer and regulations.
69
# AFM: Handling, Service, and Maintenance (Section 8)
What additional maintenance might be required beyond the manufacturer's recommendations?
Maintenance required by Airworthiness Directives (ADs) for the airframe, engine, propeller, or components.
70
# AFM: Handling, Service, and Maintenance (Section 8)
What preventive maintenance is described in this section?
Preventive maintenance that may be performed by certificated pilots.
71
# AFM: Handling, Service, and Maintenance (Section 8)
What ground handling procedures are covered?
Procedures for hangaring, tie-down, and general storage of the aircraft.
72
# Airplane Flight Manuals (AFM): Supplements (Section 9)
What is the purpose of the Supplements section?
To provide information for safely and efficiently operating the aircraft when equipped with optional systems and equipment.
73
# Airplane Flight Manuals (AFM): Supplements (Section 9)
Who supplies the information in the Supplements section?
It may be supplied by the aircraft manufacturer or the manufacturer of the optional equipment.
74
# Airplane Flight Manuals (AFM): Supplements (Section 9)
When is the information in the Supplements section added to the flight manual?
At the time the optional equipment is installed.
75
# Airplane Flight Manuals (AFM): Supplements (Section 9)
What are three examples of equipment covered in the Supplements section?
* Autopilots
* Navigation systems
* Air-conditioning systems
76
# Airplane Flight Manuals (AFM): Safety Tips (Section 10)
Is the Safety Tips section mandatory in an AFM/POH?
No, it is an optional section.
77
# Airplane Flight Manuals (AFM): Safety Tips (Section 10)
What is the purpose of the Safety Tips section?
To provide information that enhances the safe operation of the aircraft.
78
# Airplane Flight Manuals (AFM): Safety Tips (Section 10)
What are some topics that might be included in the Safety Tips section?
Physiological factors, general weather information, fuel conservation procedures, high-altitude operations, and cold weather operations.
79
# Aircraft Documents: Certificate of Aircraft Registration
What certificate must an aircraft have before it can be flown legally?
A Certificate of Aircraft Registration issued by the FAA Aircraft Registry.
80
# Aircraft Documents: Certificate of Aircraft Registration
Where must the Certificate of Aircraft Registration be kept?
It must be carried in the aircraft at all times.
81
# Aircraft Documents: Certificate of Aircraft Registration
When is the Certificate of Aircraft Registration invalid for operations? (5)
1. When the aircraft is registered under foreign laws.
2. When the registration is canceled upon the holder's request.
3. When the aircraft is destroyed or scrapped.
4. When ownership is transferred.
5. When the certificate holder loses U.S. citizenship.
82
# Aircraft Documents: Certificate of Aircraft Registration
What must a previous owner do after selling or transferring an aircraft?
Notify the FAA by filling out the back of the Certificate of Aircraft Registration and mailing it to the FAA Aircraft Registration Branch.
83
# Aircraft Documents: Certificate of Aircraft Registration
What is a dealer’s aircraft registration certificate used for?
For required flight tests or flights necessary for the sale of the aircraft. It must be removed when the aircraft is sold.
84
# Aircraft Documents: Certificate of Aircraft Registration
How long is the pink copy of the Aircraft Registration Application (AC Form 8050-1) valid?
It authorizes operation of an unregistered aircraft for up to 90 days within the United States.
85
# Aircraft Documents: Certificate of Aircraft Registration
Can an unregistered aircraft be operated outside the U.S. with the pink copy of the Aircraft Registration Application?
No, the aircraft cannot be operated outside the U.S. until it receives a permanent Certificate of Aircraft Registration.
86
# Aircraft Documents: Certificate of Aircraft Registration
Does the FAA issue a certificate of ownership for an aircraft?
No, the FAA does not issue any certificate of ownership or endorse ownership information on the Certificate of Aircraft Registration.
87
# Aircraft Documents: Airworthiness Certificate
Who issues the Airworthiness Certificate for an aircraft?
A representative of the FAA.
88
# Aircraft Documents: Airworthiness Certificate
What does the Airworthiness Certificate confirm?
The aircraft has been inspected, meets 14 CFR part 21 requirements, and is in safe operating condition.
89
# Aircraft Documents: Airworthiness Certificate
Where must the Airworthiness Certificate be displayed?
It must be legible to passengers and crew whenever the aircraft is operated.
90
# Aircraft Documents: Airworthiness Certificate
Does the Airworthiness Certificate remain with the aircraft if it is sold to a foreign purchaser?
No, it does not remain with the aircraft when sold to a foreign purchaser.
91
# Aircraft Documents: Airworthiness Certificate
What is a Standard Airworthiness Certificate issued for? (6)
Aircraft type certificated in:
* Normal
* Utility
* Acrobatic
* Commuter
* Transport categories
* Manned free balloons.
92
# Aircraft Documents: Airworthiness Certificate
What information is included on a Standard Airworthiness Certificate?
* **Nationality and Registration Marks**: Aircraft registration number (e.g., N2631A).
* **Manufacturer and Model**: Aircraft make and model.
* **Aircraft Serial Number**: Manufacturer's serial number.
* **Category**: Specifies operational limitations (e.g., NORMAL category).
* **Authority and Basis for Issuance**: Confirms compliance with type certificate and safe operation.
* **Terms and Conditions**: Certificate is valid indefinitely if maintained per 14 CFR parts 21, 43, and 91.
93
# Aircraft Documents: Airworthiness Certificate
What are the requirements for a Standard Airworthiness Certificate to remain valid?
* Aircraft receives required maintenance.
* Aircraft is properly registered in the U.S.
94
# Aircraft Documents: Airworthiness Certificate
What is a Special Airworthiness Certificate? (5)
A certificate issued for aircraft in non-Standard classifications
* Experimental
* Restricted
* Limited
* Provisional
* Light-Sport Aircraft
95
# Aircraft Documents: Airworthiness Certificate
What color is the airworthiness certificate for Light-Sport Aircraft (LSA)?
Pink, but there are exceptions
(e.g., Piper Cub certificated as a normal aircraft).
96
# Aircraft Documents: Airworthiness Certificate
What should be done before purchasing a non-Standard aircraft?
Contact the local FSDO for details about airworthiness requirements and limitations.
97
# Aircraft Documents: Aircraft Maintenance
What is maintenance in the context of aviation?
Preservation, inspection, overhaul, and repair of an aircraft, including parts replacement.
98
# Aircraft Documents: Aircraft Maintenance
Why is regular maintenance important for an aircraft?
It ensures the aircraft meets acceptable airworthiness standards throughout its operational life.
99
# Aircraft Documents: Aircraft Maintenance
How often is preventive maintenance typically required?
Every 25 hours of flying time or less.
100
# Aircraft Documents: Aircraft Maintenance
How often should minor maintenance typically be performed?
At least every 100 hours of flying time.
101
# Aircraft Documents: Aircraft Maintenance
What five factors influence an aircraft's maintenance requirements?
1. Kind of operation.
2. Climatic conditions.
3. Storage facilities.
4. Aircraft age.
5. Construction of the aircraft.
102
# Aircraft Documents: Aircraft Maintenance
What three resources do manufacturers provide to support aircraft maintenance?
* Maintenance manuals
* Parts catalogs
* Service information.
103
# Aircraft Inspections
Who is responsible for maintaining an aircraft in an airworthy condition?
The owner or operator of the aircraft.
104
# Aircraft Inspections
What is required to maintain airworthiness between inspections?
Correcting any defects found.
105
# Aircraft Inspections
What is the minimum inspection requirement for all civil aircraft under 14 CFR part 91?
At least once every 12 calendar months.
106
# Aircraft Inspections
What additional inspection interval applies to certain aircraft under 14 CFR part 91?
Every 100 hours of operation for aircraft engaged in certain types of operations.
107
# Aircraft Inspections
What is an alternative inspection system allowed for some aircraft?
A system based on calendar time, time in service, number of system operations, or a combination of these.
108
# Aircraft Inspections
What should all inspections adhere to?
The current manufacturer’s maintenance manual, including the Instructions for Continued Airworthiness.
109
# Aircraft Inspections
What do the manufacturer's instructions typically include? (3)
* Inspection intervals
* Parts replacement schedules
* Life-limited items
110
# Aircraft Inspections: Annual Inspection
What types of aircraft require an annual inspection?
Reciprocating engine or single-engine turbojet/turbopropeller-powered small aircraft (weighing 12,500 pounds or less) flown for business or pleasure and not for compensation or hire.
111
# Aircraft Inspections: Annual Inspection
Who can perform an annual inspection? (3)
1. A certificated airframe and powerplant (A&P) mechanic with inspection authorization (IA).
2. The manufacturer of the aircraft.
3. A certificated and appropriately rated repair station.
112
# Aircraft Inspections: Annual Inspection
How often must an annual inspection be performed?
At least once every 12 calendar months.
113
# Aircraft Inspections: Annual Inspection
What defines a "12 calendar month" period?
From any day of a month to the last day of the same month the following year.
114
# Aircraft Inspections: Annual Inspection
Can an aircraft overdue for an annual inspection be operated?
Yes, but only with a Special Flight Permit issued by the FAA to fly to a location for the inspection.
115
# Aircraft Inspections: Annual Inspection
What must be complied with before flying on a Special Flight Permit for an overdue annual inspection?
All applicable Airworthiness Directives (ADs) that are due.
116
# Aircraft Inspections: 100-Hour Inspection
Who can perform a 100-hour inspection? (3)
1. FAA-certificated A&P mechanic.
2. Appropriately rated FAA-certificated repair station.
3. Aircraft manufacturer.
117
# Aircraft Inspections: 100-Hour Inspection
Can an annual inspection substitute for a 100-hour inspection?
Yes, an annual inspection or an inspection for the issuance of an Airworthiness Certificate may be substituted.
118
# Aircraft Inspections: 100-Hour Inspection
Can the 100-hour limit be exceeded?
Yes, by no more than 10 hours, but only for traveling to a location where the inspection can be performed.
119
# Aircraft Inspections: 100-Hour Inspection
What happens to the excess time if the 100-hour limit is exceeded?
The excess time is included in calculating the next 100 hours of time in service.
120
# Aircraft Inspections: 100-Hour Inspection
What must be completed after a 100-hour inspection?
The aircraft must be approved for return to service.
121
# Aircraft Inspections: Other Inspection Programs
What aircraft are exempt from the annual and 100-hour inspection requirements? (3)
* Large airplanes (over 12,500 pounds).
* Turbojet or turbopropeller-powered multi-engine airplanes.
* Aircraft operating under a progressive inspection program.
122
# Aircraft Inspections: Other Inspection Programs
Where can details about alternative inspection requirements be found? (3)
* 14 CFR part 43, section 43.11
* 14 CFR part 91, subpart E
* By inquiring at a local FAA Flight Standards District Office (FSDO).
123
# Aircraft Inspections: Other Inspection Programs
What is a progressive inspection program?
An alternative inspection program that allows the owner to meet inspection requirements through ongoing, scheduled checks instead of periodic annual or 100-hour inspections.
124
# Aircraft Inspections: Altimeter System Inspection
What regulation mandates altimeter system inspections?
14 CFR part 91, section 91.411.
125
# Aircraft Inspections: Altimeter System Inspection
What components must be tested and inspected under 14 CFR part 91, section 91.411.?
(3)
1. Altimeter.
2. Encoding altimeter.
3. Related system components.
126
# Aircraft Inspections: Altimeter System Inspection
How often must the altimeter system be inspected?
Every 24 months.
127
# Aircraft Inspections: Altimeter System Inspection
When is the altimeter system inspection required?
Prior to operating in controlled airspace under Instrument Flight Rules (IFR).
128
# Aircraft Inspections: Transponder Inspection
Which regulation mandates transponder inspections?
14 CFR part 91, section 91.413.
129
# Aircraft Inspections: Transponder Inspection
How often must a transponder be tested and inspected?
Every 24 months.
130
# Aircraft Inspections: Transponder Inspection
What must happen before a transponder can be used under 14 CFR part 91, section 91.215(a)?
It must be tested and inspected within the preceding 24 months.
131
# Aircraft Inspections: Transponder Inspection
Does the transponder inspection requirement depend on airspace restrictions?
No, the inspection is required regardless of airspace restrictions.
132
# Aircraft Inspections: Emergency Locator Transmitter
Which regulation requires an ELT inspection?
14 CFR part 91, section 91.207.
133
# Aircraft Inspections: Emergency Locator Transmitter
How often must an ELT be inspected?
Within 12 calendar months after the last inspection.
134
# Aircraft Inspections: Emergency Locator Transmitter
What four things must be checked during an ELT inspection?
1. Proper installation
2. Battery corrosion
3. Operation of controls and crash sensor
4. Signal radiated from its antenna
135
# Aircraft Inspections: Emergency Locator Transmitter
How should an ELT be attached to the airplane?
To minimize damage during a crash, and fixed or deployable types should be installed as far aft as practicable.
136
# Aircraft Inspections: Emergency Locator Transmitter
When must ELT batteries be replaced or recharged?
* After 1 cumulative hour of transmitter use.
* When 50% of battery useful life or charge life has expired.
137
# Aircraft Inspections: Emergency Locator Transmitter
Where must the battery expiration date be marked?
On the outside of the transmitter and in the aircraft maintenance record.
138
# Aircraft Inspections: Emergency Locator Transmitter
Are water-activated batteries subject to the same expiration date requirements?
No, as they are unaffected during storage intervals.
139
# Aircraft Inspections: Preflight Inspections
What is the purpose of a preflight inspection?
To ensure the aircraft is airworthy and in safe operating condition.
140
# Aircraft Inspections: Preflight Inspections
Where can you find a systematic method for performing a preflight inspection?
In the POH or owner/information manual.
141
# Minimum Equipment Lists (MEL) and Operations With Inoperative Equipment
What does 14 CFR require for aircraft instruments and equipment before each departure?
All aircraft instruments and installed equipment must be operative unless an MEL allows deferral.
142
# Minimum Equipment Lists (MEL) and Operations With Inoperative Equipment
What are the two methods for deferring maintenance under 14 CFR Part 91?
* 14 CFR, part 91, section 91.213(d) deferral provision
* FAA-approved Minimum Equipment List (MEL)
143
# Minimum Equipment Lists (MEL) and Operations With Inoperative Equipment
Why is the 14 CFR, part 91, section 91.213(d) deferral provision popular?
It is simple and involves minimal paperwork.
144
# Minimum Equipment Lists (MEL) and Operations With Inoperative Equipment
What steps must be taken to defer an inoperative item under 91.213(d)?
(4)
1. Determine if the item is required by type design, 14 CFR, or ADs.
2. If not required, ensure the aircraft can be safely operated.
3. Deactivate or remove the item and place an INOPERATIVE placard.
4. Record the action if maintenance is performed.
145
# Minimum Equipment Lists (MEL) and Operations With Inoperative Equipment
When does a deferred item require maintenance personnel?
If the deactivation or removal is complex or involves mechanical work.
146
# Minimum Equipment Lists (MEL) and Operations With Inoperative Equipment
What happens once an operator requests and receives an MEL?
The MEL becomes mandatory for that specific aircraft and must be followed for all maintenance deferrals.
147
# Minimum Equipment Lists (MEL) and Operations With Inoperative Equipment
What four documents must be on board the aircraft with an approved MEL?
1. The MEL
2. Letter of Authorization (LOA)
3. Preamble
4. Operator's procedures document
148
# Minimum Equipment Lists (MEL) and Operations With Inoperative Equipment
How are maintenance deferrals handled with an MEL? (3)
1. Confirm the item can be deferred according to the MEL provisions.
2. Record the discrepancy in the maintenance log.
3. Perform the required MEL procedures (e.g., open circuit breaker, placard as INOPERATIVE).
149
# Minimum Equipment Lists (MEL) and Operations With Inoperative Equipment
What happens if a component not listed in the MEL fails?
Repairs must be completed before departure, or a special flight permit must be obtained from the nearest FSDO.
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# Minimum Equipment Lists (MEL) and Operations With Inoperative Equipment
What is a special flight permit?
A permit that allows an aircraft not meeting airworthiness requirements to be flown to a location for maintenance, under restrictive terms and conditions.
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# Minimum Equipment Lists (MEL) and Operations With Inoperative Equipment
Where can more information on MELs and inoperative equipment be found?
AC 91-67, Minimum Equipment Requirements for General Aviation Operations Under FAR Part 91.
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# Preventive Maintenance
What is preventive maintenance?
Simple or minor preservation operations and replacement of small standard parts, not involving complex assembly.
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# Preventive Maintenance
Where is the list of allowable preventive maintenance items found?
In 14 CFR part 43, appendix A(c).
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# Preventive Maintenance
What types of tasks are considered preventive maintenance?
Tasks that do not require complex assembly and are simple or minor.
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# Preventive Maintenance: Maintenance Entries
What must pilots include in a maintenance record entry after performing preventive maintenance? (3)
1. Description of the work (e.g., “changed oil at 2,345 hours”).
2. Date of completion of the work.
3. Pilot’s name, signature, certificate number, and type of certificate held.
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# Preventive Maintenance: Examples of Preventive Maintenance
What is preventive maintenance according to 14 CFR part 43?
Simple preservation operations and replacement of small parts not involving complex assembly.
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# Preventive Maintenance: Examples of Preventive Maintenance
Can pilots perform preventive maintenance?
Yes, certificated pilots (excluding student, sport, and recreational pilots) may perform preventive maintenance on their owned or operated aircraft not used in air carrier service.
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# Preventive Maintenance: Examples of Preventive Maintenance
What are three examples of preventive maintenance tasks for landing gear?
* Removal, installation, and repair of landing gear tires and shock cords.
* Servicing gear struts by adding oil/air.
* Servicing wheel bearings.
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# Preventive Maintenance: Examples of Preventive Maintenance
What are two examples of maintenance involving fluids and lubrication?
* Replenishing hydraulic fluid in the reservoir.
* Lubrication not requiring disassembly (e.g., cover plates or fairings).
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# Preventive Maintenance: Examples of Preventive Maintenance
What are two examples of maintenance involving exterior refinishing or repairs?
* Refinishing decorative coatings (excluding balanced control surfaces).
* Making small fabric or upholstery repairs.
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# Preventive Maintenance: Examples of Preventive Maintenance
What are examples of tasks related to aircraft lighting?
Replacing bulbs, reflectors, and lenses for position or landing lights.
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# Preventive Maintenance: Examples of Preventive Maintenance
What are two examples of spark plug maintenance?
* Cleaning or replacing spark plugs.
* Setting spark plug gap clearance.
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# Preventive Maintenance: Examples of Preventive Maintenance
What two maintenance tasks can be performed on instrument panel-mounted navigation devices?
* Removing and replacing self-contained, tray-mounted devices (excluding automatic flight control systems, transponders, or microwave frequency DME).
* Updating navigation software databases.
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# Preventive Maintenance: Examples of Preventive Maintenance
What two tasks are included for balloons?
* Small fabric repairs to the envelope (per manufacturer’s instructions).
* Cleaning balloon burner pilot and main nozzles.
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# Preventive Maintenance: Examples of Preventive Maintenance
What are the conditions for replacing prefabricated fuel lines or hoses?
Replacement is allowed, except for hydraulic connections.
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# Preventive Maintenance: Examples of Preventive Maintenance
What must pilots ensure before using an updated or replaced navigation device?
An operational check must be performed per 14 CFR part 91.
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# Preventive Maintenance: Repairs and Alterations
How are repairs and alterations classified?
Repairs and alterations are classified as either major or minor.
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# Preventive Maintenance: Repairs and Alterations
Where are major repairs and alterations defined?
In 14 CFR part 43, appendix A.
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# Preventive Maintenance: Repairs and Alterations
Who can approve major repairs or alterations for return to service? (3)
* Appropriately rated certificated repair station.
* FAA-certificated A&P mechanic with Inspection Authorization (IA).
* FAA representative (Administrator).
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# Preventive Maintenance: Repairs and Alterations
What form is used to document major repairs and alterations?
FAA Form 337, Major Repair and Alteration.
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# Preventive Maintenance: Repairs and Alterations
Who can approve minor repairs and alterations for return to service? (2)
* FAA-certificated A&P mechanic.
* Appropriately certificated repair station.
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# Preventive Maintenance: Repairs and Alterations
How are minor repairs and alterations documented?
With a proper entry in the maintenance records.
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# Preventive Maintenance: Repairs and Alterations
What is required for modifications of experimental aircraft? (3)
* Follow the operating limitations issued for that aircraft.
* Refer to FAA Order 8130.2, Airworthiness Certification of Aircraft and Related Products.
* Notify the issuing authority if required.
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# Preventive Maintenance: Special Flight Permits
What is a Special Flight Permit?
A Special Airworthiness Certificate authorizing the operation of an aircraft that does not meet all airworthiness requirements but is safe for a specific flight.
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# Preventive Maintenance: Special Flight Permits
Who can inspect the aircraft before issuing a Special Flight Permit? (3)
* An FAA inspector.
* An FAA-certificated A&P mechanic.
* An appropriately certificated repair station.
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# Preventive Maintenance: Special Flight Permits
Where is the inspection for a Special Flight Permit recorded?
In the aircraft records.
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# Preventive Maintenance: Special Flight Permits
What are four common reasons for issuing a Special Flight Permit?
1. To fly the aircraft to a base for repairs, alterations, or maintenance.
2. Delivering or exporting the aircraft.
3. Evacuating the aircraft from an area of impending danger.
4. Allowing operation of an overweight aircraft for long-range flights over areas without adequate landing or fuel facilities.
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# Preventive Maintenance: Special Flight Permits
Where can assistance for obtaining a Special Flight Permit be found?
From the local FSDO or a Designated Airworthiness Representative (DAR).
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# Preventive Maintenance: Special Flight Permits
What documentation is required to apply for a Special Flight Permit?
Necessary forms provided by the local FSDO or DAR.
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# Airworthiness Directives (ADs)
What is the purpose of Airworthiness Directives (ADs)?
To require correction of unsafe conditions in an aircraft, engine, propeller, or appliance, ensuring continued safe operation.
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# Airworthiness Directives (ADs)
What are the two categories of ADs?
* Emergency ADs: Require immediate compliance before further flight.
* Less urgent ADs: Require compliance within a specified timeframe.
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# Airworthiness Directives (ADs)
Are ADs regulatory?
Yes, compliance with ADs is mandatory unless a specific exemption is granted.
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# Airworthiness Directives (ADs)
Who is responsible for ensuring compliance with ADs?
The aircraft owner or operator.
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# Airworthiness Directives (ADs)
What may an AD require for compliance? (2)
* A one-time correction.
* A repetitive action, such as an inspection every specified hours of operation.
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# Airworthiness Directives (ADs)
Can you overfly the maximum hour requirement of an AD?
No, unless explicitly allowed in the AD.
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# Airworthiness Directives (ADs)
What recordkeeping is required for AD compliance? (4)
14 CFR, part 91, section 91.417 requires records to include:
* AD number and revision date.
* Method of compliance.
* Next due date or time for recurrent ADs.
* Mechanic’s or repair station’s signature, certificate type, and number.
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# Airworthiness Directives (ADs)
Where can ADs and updates be accessed? (3)
* Online at FAA RGL.
* E-mail notifications via the FAA website.
* Paper copies (purchased via the Superintendent of Documents).
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# Airworthiness Directives (ADs)
What information is included in the "Summary of Airworthiness Directives"?
All valid ADs for small aircraft, helicopters, and large aircraft, categorized accordingly.
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# Airworthiness Directives (ADs)
How to determine if an AD applies to an amateur-built aircraft?
Contact the local FSDO.
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# Aircraft Owner/Operator Responsibilities
What two certificates must be present in the aircraft at all times?
1. Current Airworthiness Certificate
2. Certificate of Aircraft Registration
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# Aircraft Owner/Operator Responsibilities
Who is responsible for maintaining the aircraft in an airworthy condition?
The registered owner/operator.
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# Aircraft Owner/Operator Responsibilities
What does maintaining an airworthy condition include? (2)
1. Compliance with all applicable Airworthiness Directives (ADs).
1. Ensuring proper recording of maintenance.
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# Aircraft Owner/Operator Responsibilities
What must the owner/operator do regarding changes in permanent mailing address or sale/export of the aircraft?
Notify the FAA Aircraft Registry immediately (per 14 CFR, part 47, section 47.41).
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# Aircraft Owner/Operator Responsibilities
What is required if the aircraft is equipped with radios and operated outside of the United States?
A current Federal Communications Commission (FCC) radio station license, including for the Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT).
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# Aircraft Owner/Operator Responsibilities
What additional responsibility does the owner/operator have regarding regulations?
Stay informed about current regulations related to operation and maintenance of the aircraft.
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# Aircraft Owner/Operator Responsibilities
What is the ultimate goal of every pilot?
A safe flight.
