PHAK 16: Navigation Flashcards
What are the two most common ways to navigate?
Pilotage
Dead Reckoning
What is Pilotage?
Navigation by visual reference to landmarks or checkpoints.
What is Dead Reckoning?
Navigation solely by means of computations based on time, airspeed, distance, and direction.
What does GPS stand for?
Global Positioning System
What is GPS?
A satellite-based radio navigation system used to establish position. Three satellites are used to triangulate a position, a fourth satellite verifies position.
What does DME stand for?
Distance Measuring Equipment
What is DME?
Measuring device that uses ground and air components to determine the slant range of an aircraft from a point, measured in nautical miles.
What does VOR stand for?
Very-High Frequency Omnidirectional Range
What does a VOR do?
Provides 360° azimuth information in the form of radials expressed in magnetic heading.
What are the 5 C’s of the lost in-flight procedure?
- Climb - Climb for a better view of your surroundings.
- Communicate - Communicate with ATC or FSS.
- Confess - Admit you are lost.
- Comply - Comply with what ATC tells you.
- Conserve - Conserve fuel.
Turning and Acceleration Compass Errors:
Northerly Turning Errors
When starting a turn from a northerly heading, the compass indication lags behind the turn.
Turning and Acceleration Compass Errors:
Southerly Turning Errors
When starting a turn from a southerly heading, the compass indication leads the turn.
Turning and Acceleration Compass Errors:
Acronym for Compass North/South turning errors.
UNOS
Undershoot North Overshoot South
Turning and Acceleration Compass Errors:
Acceleration on an East or West heading.
When accellerating on an East or West heading, the error appears as a turn indication toward North.
Turning and Acceleration Compass Errors:
Deceleration on an East or West heading.
When decelerating on an East or West heading, the error appears as a turn indication toward South.
Turning and Acceleration Compass Errors:
Acronym for Compass North/South acceleration and deceleration errors.
ANDS
Accelerate North Decelerate South
6 Compass Errors
VDMONA
1. Variation
2. Deviation
3. Magnetic Dip
4. Oscillation
5. Northerly Turning Errors
6. Acceleration Errors
VOR Instrument: Course Deviation Indicator
- Determines an aircraft’s lateral position in relation to the selected course.
- If the aircraft’s location is left of this course, the needle deflects to the right, and vice versa.
VOR Instrument: To/From Indicator
Shows if the course selected will take you toward or from the desired VOR station.
VOR Instrument: What does OBS stand for?
Omni-Bearing Selector
VOR Instrument: What is the OBS knob used for?
Knob used to rotate a compass card to select a course to follow.
VOR Instrument: Deflection
- Shows how many degrees the plane is off the selected radial.
- Each dot represents two degrees of deviation.
What is a VOR used for?
Navigation.
What is the tolerance for VOR accuracy?
A pilot can perform a VOR ground or air check to confirm VOR accuracy.
Acceptable accuracy:
* ± 4° for ground checks.
* ± 6° for airborne checks.
