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PPL Training > PHAK 3: Aircraft Construction > Flashcards

PHAK 3: Aircraft Construction Flashcards

1
Q

Categories of aircraft for certification of airmen include:

A
  • Airplane
  • Rotorcraft
  • Glider
  • Lighter-than-air
  • Powered-lift
  • Powered parachute
  • Weight-shift control aircraft
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2
Q

Aircraft Design, Certification, and Airworthiness

The FAA certifies three types of aviation products:

A
  1. Aircraft
  2. Aircraft engines
  3. Propellers
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3
Q

Aircraft Design, Certification, and Airworthiness

What does CFR stand for?

A

Code of Federal Regulations

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4
Q

Aircraft Design, Certification, and Airworthiness

What does TC stand for?

A

Type Certificate

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5
Q

Aircraft Design, Certification, and Airworthiness

When does the FAA issue a TC?

A
  • When they are satisfied the product complies with the applicable airworthiness standards.
  • When the TC is issued, a TCDS is generated
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6
Q

Aircraft Design, Certification, and Airworthiness

What does TCDS stand for?

A

Type Certificate Data Sheet

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7
Q

Aircraft Design, Certification, and Airworthiness

What is a TCDS for?

A
  • The TCDS defines the product.
  • The important design and operational characteristics of the aircraft, aircraft engine, or propeller
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8
Q

Aircraft Design, Certification, and Airworthiness

Are light sport aircraft designed according to FAA airworthiness standards?

Light Sport Aircraft

A
  • No.
  • TC is issued to the aircraft as a whole. It includes the airframe, engine, and propeller.
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9
Q

Aircraft Design, Certification, and Airworthiness

When does the FAA issue an airworthiness certificate for light sport aircraft?

Light Sport Aircraft

A

When the aircraft is complete.
With the airframe, engine, and propeller.

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10
Q

Aircraft Design, Certification, and Airworthiness

What does having an airworthiness certificate mean?

Light Sport Aircraft

A

The complete aircraft meets the design and manufacturing standards, and is in a condition for safe flight.

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11
Q

Aircraft Design, Certification, and Airworthiness

How long does an airworthiness certificate remain valid?

Light Sport Aircraft

A

As long as the required maintenance and inspections are kept up to date for the aircraft.

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12
Q

Aircraft Design, Certification, and Airworthiness

Where is the airworthiness certificate kept?

Light Sport Aircraft

A

Must be carried in the aircraft during all flight operations.

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13
Q

Aircraft Design, Certification, and Airworthiness

Airworthiness certificates are classified as either…

Light Sport Aircraft

A

“Standard” or “Special”

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14
Q

Aircraft Design, Certification, and Airworthiness

What color are Standard airworthiness certificates.

A
  • White
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15
Q

Aircraft Design, Certification, and Airworthiness

Describe Standard airworthiness certificates.

A
  • Issued for normal, utility, acrobatic, commuter, or transport category aircraft.
  • Also issued for manned free balloons and aircraft designated as “Special Class.”
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16
Q

Aircraft Design, Certification, and Airworthiness

What color are Special airworthiness certificates.

A
  • Pink
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17
Q

Aircraft Design, Certification, and Airworthiness

Describe Special airworthiness certificates.

A
  • Issued for:
  • primary
  • restricted
  • limited category aircraft
  • light sport aircraft.
  • Also issued as provisional airworthiness certificates, special flight permits (ferry permits), and for experimental aircraft.
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18
Q

Lift and Basic Aerodynamics

What four forces act upon an aircraft in relation to straight-and-level, unaccelerated flight.

A
  • Thrust
  • Lift
  • Weight
  • Drag
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19
Q

Lift and Basic Aerodynamics

What is thrust?

A
  • Forward force produced by the powerplant/propeller.
  • It opposes or overcomes the force of drag.
  • As a general rule, it is said to act parallel to the longitudinal axis. This is not always the case as explained later.
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20
Q

Lift and Basic Aerodynamics

What is drag?

A
  • Drag is a rearward, retarding force and is caused by disruption of airflow by the wing, fuselage, and other protruding objects.
  • Drag opposes thrust and acts rearward parallel to the relative wind.
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21
Q

Lift and Basic Aerodynamics

What is weight?

A
  • Combined load of the aircraft itself, the crew, the fuel, and the cargo or baggage.
  • Weight pulls the aircraft downward because of the force of gravity.
  • It opposes lift and acts vertically downward through the aircraft’s center of gravity (CG).
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22
Q

Lift and Basic Aerodynamics

What is lift?

A
  • Produced by the dynamic effect of the air acting on the wing
  • Acts perpendicular to the flight path through the wing’s center of lift (CL).
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23
Q

Lift and Basic Aerodynamics

An aircraft moves in ____ and is controlled by moving it about one or more of its ____.

A

three dimensions, axes

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24
Q

Lift and Basic Aerodynamics

The lateral axis

A
  • Pitch
  • Passes parallel to a line from wingtip to wingtip
  • Intersects the CG
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25
Q

Lift and Basic Aerodynamics

The longitudinal axis

A
  • Roll
  • Extends through the aircraft from nose to tail
  • Passes through the CG
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26
Q

Lift and Basic Aerodynamics

The vertical axis

A
  • Yaw
  • Passes through the aircraft vertically
  • Intersects the CG
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27
Q

Lift and Basic Aerodynamics

How do control movements relate to the airplane axes?

A

All control movements cause the aircraft to move around one or more of these axes and allows for the control of the aircraft in flight.

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28
Q

Lift and Basic Aerodynamics

What does CG stand for?

A

Center of Gravity

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29
Q

Lift and Basic Aerodynamics

What is aircraft CG?

A

The specific point where the mass or weight of an aircraft may be said to center; that is, a point around which, if the aircraft could be suspended or balanced, the aircraft would remain relatively level.

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30
Q

Lift and Basic Aerodynamics

The position of the CG of an aircraft determines the…

A

stability of the aircraft in flight.

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31
Q

Lift and Basic Aerodynamics

As the CG moves rearward…

A

the aircraft becomes more and more dynamically unstable.

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32
Q

Lift and Basic Aerodynamics

If the CG is too far aft…

A

there might not be enough elevator nose-down force at the low stall airspeed to get the nose down for recovery.

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33
Q

Lift and Basic Aerodynamics

If the CG is too far forward…

A

there will not be enough elevator nose-up force to flare the airplane for landing.

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34
Q

Major Components

Most airplane structures include…

A
  • A fuselage
  • Wings
  • An empennage
  • Landing gear
  • A powerplant
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35
Q

Major Components

Fuselage

A
  • Central body of an airplane and is designed to accommodate the crew, passengers, and cargo.
  • It also provides the structural connection for the wings and tail assembly.
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36
Q

Major Components

What are the most popular fuselage types in today’s aircraft?

A
  • Monocoque (French for “single shell”)
  • Semimonocoque.
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37
Q

Major Components

Wings

A

The wings are airfoils attached to each side of the fuselage and are the main lifting surfaces that support the airplane in flight.

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38
Q

Major Components

Wings may be attached at…

A
  • The top, middle, or lower portion of the fuselage.
  • High-, mid-, and low-wing, respectively.
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39
Q

Major Components

What are planes with a single set of wings called?

A

Monoplanes

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40
Q

Major Components

What are planes with two sets of wings called?

A

Biplanes

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41
Q

Major Components

What is a semi-cantilever wing?

A
  • High-wing airplanes with external braces, or wing struts that transmit the flight and landing loads through the struts to the main fuselage structure.
  • The wing struts are usually attached approximately halfway.
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42
Q

Major Components

In most modern airplanes, the fuel tanks are…

A

either an integral part of the wing’s structure or consist of flexible containers mounted inside of the wing.

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43
Q

Major Components

What is 1?

A

Fuel tank

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44
Q

Major Components

What is 2?

A

Skin

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45
Q

Major Components

What is 3?

A

Ribs

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46
Q

Major Components

What is 4?

A

Stringers

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47
Q

Major Components

What is 5?

A

Wing tip

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48
Q

Major Components

What is 6?

A

Aileron

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49
Q

Major Components

What is 7?

A

Spar

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50
Q

Major Components

What is 8?

A

Wing flap

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51
Q

Major Components

A

Basic section

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52
Q

Major Components

A

Plain flap

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53
Q

Major Components

A

Split flap

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54
Q

Major Components

A

Slotted flap

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55
Q

Major Components

A

Fowler flap

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56
Q

Major Components

A

Slotted fowler flap

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57
Q

Major Components

Empennage

A
  • The entire tail group
  • Fixed surfaces include the vertical stabilizer and the horizontal stabilizer.
  • Movable surfaces include the rudder, elevator, and one or more trim tabs.
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58
Q

Major Components

What is 1?

A

Horizontal stabilizer

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59
Q

Major Components

What is 2?

A

Vertical stabilizer

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60
Q

Major Components

What is 3?

A

Rudder

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61
Q

Major Components

What is 4?

A

Trim tabs

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62
Q

Major Components

What is 5?

A

Elevator

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63
Q

Major Components

Where is the rudder attached?

A

Back of the vertical stabilizer.

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64
Q

Major Components

What is the rudder used for?

A

Move the airplane’s nose left and right on the vertical axis.
Yaw.

65
Q

Major Components

Where is the elevator attached?

A

Back of the horizontal stabilizer.

66
Q

Major Components

What is the elevator used for?

A

Move the airplane’s nose up and down.

67
Q

Major Components

Where are trim tabs attached?

A

May be installed on:
* the ailerons
* the rudder
* and/or the elevator

68
Q

Major Components

What are trim tabs used for?

A

To reduce control pressures.

69
Q

Major Components

What is a stabilator?

A

A single-piece horizontal tail surface on an airplane that pivots around a central hinge point. A stabilator serves the purposes of both the horizontal stabilizer and the elevators.

70
Q

Major Components

What is 1?

A

Antiservo tab

71
Q

Major Components

What is 2?

A

Stabilator pivot point

72
Q

Major Components

Wheeled landing gear has how many wheels?

A

Three

Two main wheels and a third wheel positioned either at the front or rear of the airplane.

73
Q

Major Components

What is landing gear with a rear mounted wheel called?

A

Conventional landing gear

74
Q

Major Components

What is is the principal support of the airplane when parked, taxiing, taking off, or landing.

A

The landing gear

75
Q

Major Components

The most common type of landing gear consists of…

A

Wheels, but airplanes can also be equipped with floats for water operations or skis for landing on snow.

76
Q

Major Components

Airplanes with conventional landing gear are sometimes
referred to as…

A

Tailwheel airplanes

77
Q

Major Components

What is it called when the third wheel of landing gear is located on the nose?

A

A nosewheel, and the design is referred to as a tricycle gear.

78
Q

Major Components

How do you steer a nosewheel or tailwheel airplane on the ground?

A
  • Most aircraft are steered by rudder pedals, nosewheel or tailwheel.
  • Additionally, some aircraft are steered by differential braking.
79
Q

Major Components

What is the Powerplant?

A

Usually includes both the engine and the propeller.

80
Q

Major Components

What is the primary function of the engine?

A

To provide power to the propeller.

81
Q

Major Components

What are secondary functions of the engine?

A
  • Generates electrical power.
  • Provides a vacuum source for some flight instruments.
  • In most single-engine airplanes, provides a source of heat for the occupants.
82
Q

Major Components

What covers the engine?

A
  • A cowling
  • Or a nacelle
83
Q

Major Components

What is the purpose of the engine cover?

A
  • Streamline the flow of air around the engine.
  • Help cool the engine by ducting air around the cylinders.
84
Q

Major Components

What does the propeller translate rotating force to?

85
Q

Major Components

What is a propeller?

A

A rotating airfoil that produces thrust through aerodynamic action.

86
Q

Major Components

Where do propellers form a high-pressure area?

A

At the back of the propeller’s airfoil.

87
Q

Major Components

Where do propellers form a low-pressure area?

A

At the face of the propeller.

88
Q

Major Components

What are two significant factors involved in the design of a propeller that impact its effectiveness.

A
  • The angle of a propeller blade, as measured against the hub of the propeller, AOA.
  • The pitch.
89
Q

Major Components

What are two significant factors involved in the design of a propeller that impact its effectiveness.

A
  • Angle of Attack
  • The pitch
90
Q

Major Components

What is the AOA of a propeller?

A
  • Angle of Attack
  • The angle at which the relative wind meets the blade.
  • The AOA continuously changes during the flight depending upon the direction of the aircraft.
91
Q

Major Components

What is the pitch of a propeller?

A

Defined as the distance a propeller would travel in one revolution if it were turning in a solid.

92
Q

Major Components

Propellers are usually matched to a specific aircraft/powerplant combination to achieve the best…

A

Efficiency at a particular power setting.

93
Q

Subcomponents

What do the subcomponents of an airplane include?

A
  • The airframe
  • Electrical system
  • Flight controls
  • Brakes
94
Q

Subcomponents

What is the airframe?

A

Basic structure of an aircraft and is designed to withstand all aerodynamic forces, as well as the stresses imposed by the weight of the fuel, crew, and payload.

95
Q

Subcomponents

What is the primary function of the electrical system?

A

Generate, regulate, and distribute electrical power throughout the aircraft.

96
Q

Subcomponents

What are the different electrical power sources on aircraft?

A
  • Engine-driven alternating current (AC) generators
  • Auxiliary power units (APUs)
  • External power
97
Q

Subcomponents

What are aircraft’s electrical power systems used for?

A
  • Operate flight instruments
  • Essential systems, such as anti-icing
  • Passenger services, such as cabin lighting
98
Q

Subcomponents

What do the flight controls govern?

A
  • The attitude of an aircraft
  • As a result, the flight path followed by the aircraft.
99
Q

Subcomponents

What are the life of airplane brakes measured in?

100
Q

Types of Aircraft Construction

What is a Truss Structure comprised of?

A
  • Longerons
  • Vertical & horizontal struts
  • Stringers
  • Bulkheads
  • Formers
101
Q

Types of Aircraft Construction

What is a longeron?

A

A longitudinal structural component of an aircraft’s fuselage.

102
Q

Types of Aircraft Construction

What is a stringer?

A

A longitudinal structural piece in a framework, especially that of a ship or aircraft.

103
Q

Types of Aircraft Construction

What is a bulkhead?

A

A dividing wall or barrier between compartments in a ship, aircraft, or other vehicle.

104
Q

Types of Aircraft Construction

What is a former?

A

A structural component used to shape and support the fuselage of an aircraft, providing its cross-sectional contour and rigidity.

105
Q

Types of Aircraft Construction

How do longerons and stringers differ?

A
  • Longerons often carry larger loads than stringers and also help to transfer skin loads to internal structure.
  • Longerons nearly always attach to frames or ribs.
  • Stringers often are not attached to anything but the skin, where they carry a portion of the fuselage bending moment through axial loading.
106
Q

Types of Aircraft Construction

What is a Monocoque?

A

A structural design where the external skin bears most or all of the load, eliminating the need for an internal frame.

Much like an aluminum beverage can.

107
Q

Types of Aircraft Construction

In a monocoque design, what carries the twisting and bending forces?

A

The external skin.

108
Q

Types of Aircraft Construction

What is 1?

A

Stressed skin

109
Q

Types of Aircraft Construction

What is 2?

110
Q

Types of Aircraft Construction

What is 3?

111
Q

Types of Aircraft Construction

What is 1?

112
Q

Types of Aircraft Construction

What is 2?

113
Q

Types of Aircraft Construction

What is 3?

114
Q

Types of Aircraft Construction

What is 4?

115
Q

Types of Aircraft Construction

What is the fireproof partition between the rear of the engine and the flight deck or cabin to protect the pilot and passengers from accidental engine fires?

116
Q

Types of Aircraft Construction: Composites

What are some composite materials used in aircraft?

A
  • Fiberglass
  • Carbon fiber cloth
  • Kevlar cloth
  • Mixtures of all of the above
117
Q

Types of Aircraft Construction: Composites

What are two advantages of composite construction?

A
  • Extremely smooth skins.
  • Ability to easily form complex curved or streamlined structures.
118
Q

Types of Aircraft Construction: Composites

What are composite materials in aircraft?

A

Fiber-reinforced matrix systems

119
Q

Types of Aircraft Construction: Composites

What is the matrix in a composite material?

A

The “glue” used to hold the fibers together and, when cured, gives the part its shape, but the fibers carry most of the load.

There are many different types of fibers and matrix systems.

120
Q

Types of Aircraft Construction: Composites

What is the most common matrix in aircraft composites?

A

Epoxy resin

A type of thermosetting plastic.

121
Q

Types of Aircraft Construction: Composites

What are the most common reinforcing fibers used in aircraft composites?

A
  • Fiberglass
  • Carbon fiber
122
Q

Types of Aircraft Construction: Composites

What are 5 advantages of fiberglass?

A
  1. Good tensile and compressive strength
  2. Good impact resistance
  3. Easy to work with
  4. Relatively inexpensive
  5. Readily available
123
Q

Types of Aircraft Construction: Composites

What are disadvantages of fiberglass?

A
  • Somewhat heavy.
  • It is difficult to make a fiberglass load-carrying structure lighter than a well designed equivalent aluminum structure.
124
Q

Types of Aircraft Construction: Composites

What are advantages of carbon fiber?

A
  • Generally stronger in tensile and compressive strength than fiberglass.
  • Much higher bending stiffness.
  • Considerbly lighter than fiberglass.
  • Considerbly lighter than aluminum structures. (sometimes 30%)
125
Q

Types of Aircraft Construction: Composites

What are disadvantages of carbon fiber?

A
  • Relatively poor impact resistance.
  • More expensive than fiberglass.
126
Q

Types of Aircraft Construction: Composites

What are some advantages of composites?

A
  • Lighter weight if properly designed.
  • Very smooth, compound curved, aerodynamic structure made from composites reduces drag.
  • Lack of corrosion.
  • Good performance in a flexing environment, such as in helicopter rotor blades.
127
Q

Types of Aircraft Construction: Composites

What are some disadvantages of composites?

A
  • Lack of visual proof of damage.
  • The potential for heat damage to the resin.
  • Chemical paint strippers are very harmful to composites.
128
Q

Types of Aircraft Construction: Composites

In a composite structure, a low energy impact, such as a bump or a tool drop…

A

may not leave any visible sign of the impact on the surface.

129
Q

Types of Aircraft Construction: Composites

When is a repair mandatory on a composite material?

A

If an impact results in delaminations, crushing of the surface, or a puncture.

130
Q

Types of Aircraft Construction: Composites

Impact energy affects the visibility, as well as the severity, of damage in composite structures. What are the differences between high, medium, and low energy impacts?

A
  • High and medium energy impacts, while severe, are easy to detect.
  • Low energy impacts can easily cause hidden damage.
131
Q

Types of Aircraft Construction: Composites

Many epoxies begin to weaken over…

132
Q

Types of Aircraft Construction: Composites

Why do composite aircraft often have specific recommendations on allowable paint colors?

A

So they don’t overheat in the sun.

133
Q

Types of Aircraft Construction: Composites

A quickly extinguished small brake fire can damage…

A

Bottom wing skins, composite landing gear legs, or wheel pants.

134
Q

Types of Aircraft Construction: Composites

What type of chemicals are very harmful to composites and must not be used on them?

A

Chemical paint strippers

135
Q

Types of Aircraft Construction: Composites

How do composites react to fuel, oil, or hydraulic fluid?

A

These are generally not a problem with modern composites using epoxy resin.

136
Q

Types of Aircraft Construction: Composites

How do aircraft mitigate the impact of lightning strikes?

A

The energy from the strike must be spread over a large surface area to lower the amps per square inch to a harmless level.

137
Q

Types of Aircraft Construction: Composites

What is typically bonded to the skin surfaces of composite aircraft and why?

A
  • Fine metal aluminum and copper mesh.
  • To mitigate the risk of lightning damage.
138
Q

Types of Aircraft Construction: Composites

For composite aircraft with internal radio antennas, there must be ____ in the lightning strike mesh in the area of the antenna.

139
Q

Types of Aircraft Construction: Composites

Internal radio antennas may be found in fiberglass composites because fiberglass is…

A

transparent to radio frequencies, where carbon fiber is not.

140
Q

Instrumentation: Moving into the Future

What does LCD stand for?

A

Liquid Crystal Display

141
Q

Instrumentation: Moving into the Future

What does EFD stand for?

A

Electronic Flight Display

142
Q

Instrumentation: Moving into the Future

What does PFD stand for?

A

Primary Flight Display

143
Q

Instrumentation: Moving into the Future

Where is the PFD positioned?

A

In front of the pilot.

144
Q

Instrumentation: Moving into the Future

What does MFD stand for?

A

Multi Function Display

145
Q

Instrumentation: Moving into the Future

Where is the MFD positioned?

A

Approximately in the center of the instrument panel

146
Q

Instrumentation: Moving into the Future

Whether an aircraft has analog or digital (glass) instruments, the instrumentation falls into three different categories:

A
  • Performance
  • Control
  • Navigation
147
Q

Instrumentation: Moving into the Future

What do performance instruments do?

A

Indicate the aircraft’s actual performance.

148
Q

Instrumentation: Moving into the Future

How is performace determined?

A

By reference to the:
altimeter
airspeed
vertical speed indicator (VSI)
heading indicator
turn-and-slip indicator

149
Q

Instrumentation: Moving into the Future

What do control instruments do?

A

Display immediate attitude and power changes and are calibrated to permit adjustments in precise increments.

150
Q

Instrumentation: Moving into the Future

What do navigation instruments do?

A

Indicate the position of the aircraft in relation to a selected navigation facility or fix.

151
Q

Instrumentation: Moving into the Future

Navigation instruments are comprised of indicators that display…

A
  • GPS
  • VOR
  • NDB
  • ILS
152
Q

Instrumentation: Moving into the Future

What is the highlighted instrument and what type is it?

A

Airspeed Indicator
Performance instrument

153
Q

Instrumentation: Moving into the Future

What is the highlighted instrument and what type is it?

A

Altimeter Indicator
Performance instrument

154
Q

Instrumentation: Moving into the Future

What is the highlighted instrument and what type is it?

A

Attitude Indicator
Performance instrument

155
Q

Instrumentation: Moving into the Future

What is the highlighted instrument and what type is it?

A

Heading Indicator
Performance instrument

156
Q

Instrumentation: Moving into the Future

What is the highlighted instrument and what type is it?

A

Tachometer
Control instrument

157
Q

Instrumentation: Moving into the Future

What is the highlighted instrument and what type is it?

A

Turn Coordinator
Performance instrument

158
Q

Instrumentation: Moving into the Future

What is the highlighted instrument and what type is it?

A

Vertical Speed Indicator
Performance instrument

PPL Training (40 decks)

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