PH1125 - HPLC Flashcards

1
Q

what does hplc stand for?

A
  • high performance liquid chromatography
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2
Q

what is column chromatography?

A
  • components separate due to differential affinities for both stationary and mobile phases
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3
Q

How does HPLC work?

A

Separation of the unknown onto a column (stationary phase) by eluting liquid (mobile phase). To pass through detector and obtain quantitive analysis.

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4
Q

What is the normal phase of HPLC?

A

Stationary phase is more polar than the mobile phase.

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5
Q

What is the reverse phase of HPLC?

A

Mobile phase is more polar than the stationary phase.

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6
Q

What is the difference between using a water or buffer?​

A

Water has no control over the ionic state, pKa dependant. Buffers have control of ionic state.

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7
Q

What is the purpose of a buffer?

A

Resists changes in pH and improves the chromatography to eliminate multiple peaks.

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8
Q

What is the purpose of organic Modifiers in reverse phase HPLC.

A

Must have high miscibility in water to buffer and cannot cause the buffer to precipitate.

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9
Q

Give an example of an organic modifiers. in reverse phase HPLC?

A

methanol- viscous when mixed with water with high back pressure and has inductive effect and trans methylation.

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10
Q

What is the function of the pump in HPCL?

A

Solvent delivery system- maintains precise mobile phase delivery.

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11
Q

What is the function of the column in HPCL?

A

Stationary phase- longer column better retention.

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12
Q

What does column performance depend on in HPLC?

A

Proportional (>) to theoretical plates > surface area > particle size performance- greater resistance to flow.

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13
Q

What is the equation used for HPCL for P?

A

Solubility of X in non-aqueous medium/ Solubility of X in aqueous medium.

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14
Q

What is end capping?

A

Conversion of free silanol units to increase lipophilicity, improve band spreading and tailing.

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15
Q

How are chiral compounds separated in HPLC?

A

Using Chiral stationary Phase (CPS).

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16
Q

What is the 3 point rule in HPLC?

A

All CPS have to interact with 3 points of an enantiomer.

17
Q

What does the detection method depend on?

A

Nature of analysis and Anticipated drug level.

18
Q

what are the limitations of UV spectrophotometry? (5)

A
  • low sensitivity
  • assumption; absorbance arising from a single compound
  • absorbances additive
  • overlapping
  • separation needed
19
Q

what do small particles result in in the column? (3)

A
  • smaller gaps (for particles to move in the mobile phase)
  • greater resistance to flow
  • back pressure
20
Q

can enantiomers be separated easily?

A
  • same physiochemical properties make them hard to separate

- cannot be resolved on regular HPLC columns

21
Q

what does the separation of racemates make?

A
  • two peaks with the same areas
22
Q

how do you calculate the absorbance? (5)

A
  • A = ε c l
  • A is the absorbance (amount of light lost at detector)
  • ε is a constant
  • c is concentration (eg ng ml-1)
  • l is path length (usually 1cm)
23
Q

why is it important to know the precise purity level?

A
  • assuming 100% purity will lead to inaccuracy an reduces precision
24
Q

what is the capacity factor? (2)

A
  • k’ (kay prime)

- analyte retention time normalised in terms of solvent front (aids identification)

25
Q

how do you calculate capacity factor?

A
  • (t1 - t0) / t0
26
Q

what does a long base line in a chromatogram suggest?

A
  • waste of solvent in the process
27
Q

what is the retention controlled by?

A
  • controlled by adjusting mobile phase polarity
28
Q

if the retention is too long what should be added to the normal phase?

A
  • add miscible polar solvent
29
Q

if the retention is too long what should be added to the reverse phase?

A
  • add miscible non-polar solvent
30
Q

what is α?

A
  • quantification of separation
31
Q

what is the relationship between α and a peak?

A
  • the bigger the α the greater the distance between peak apices
32
Q

how do you work out α?

A
  • k’2 / k’1
33
Q

what does an α of more than 1 mean?

A
  • separation
34
Q

what does an Rs of more than 1.5 mean?

A
  • no merging (baseline resolution)
35
Q

how do you calculate Rs? (5)

A
  • resolution = 2 (t2 - t1) / w1 + w2
  • t1 is the time to apex of first peak
  • t2 is the time to apex of second peak
  • w1 is the time interval of first peak (base width)
  • w2 is the time interval of second peak (base width)
36
Q

what does an Rs of less than 1.5 mean?

A
  • merging (no baseline resolution)
37
Q

what does it mean when P is small and large? (3)

A
  • approx. 1; amphilic (both hydrophobic and hydrophilic)
  • small; more hydrophilic
  • large; more hydrophobic/lipophilic