PH1124 - GI system Flashcards
Describe the role of the submandibular glands.
The submandibular glands, which are in the floor of the mouth, secrete saliva into the mouth through the submandibular ducts. . The submandibular glands have cells similar to those of the parotid glands, as well as mucus-secreting cells. Therefore, saliva secreted by the submandibular glands also contains amylase but in a liquid thickened with mucus
Describe the role of the sublingual glands
• The sublingual glands, which lie below the tongue, use the lesser sublingual ducts to secrete saliva into the oral cavity. The sublingual glands contain mostly mucous cells, and they secrete the thickest saliva with the least amount of salivary amylase.
Describe the role of the parotid glands
The parotid glands lie between the skin and the masseter muscle, near the ears. They secrete saliva into the mouth through the parotid duct, which is located near the second upper molar tooth. the parotid glands secrete a watery solution that contains salivary amylase.
describe the role of saliva
Saliva is essentially (95.5 percent) water. The remaining 4.5 percent is a complex mixture of ions, glycoproteins, enzymes, growth factors, and waste products. Perhaps the most important ingredient in saliva from the perspective of digestion is the enzyme salivary amylase, which initiates the breakdown of carbohydrates. Food does not spend enough time in the mouth to allow all the carbohydrates to break down, but salivary amylase continues acting until it is inactivated by stomach acids. Bicarbonate and phosphate ions function as chemical buffers, maintaining saliva at a pH between 6.35 and 6.85. Salivary mucus helps lubricate food, facilitating movement in the mouth, bolus formation, and swallowing. Saliva contains immunoglobulin A, which prevents microbes from penetrating the epithelium, and lysozyme, which makes saliva antimicrobial. Saliva also contains epidermal growth factor, which might have given rise to the adage “a mother’s kiss can heal a wound.”
What are the two involuntary stages of the swallowing ?
In the pharyngeal phase, stimulation of receptors in the oropharynx sends impulses to the deglutition center (a collection of neurons that controls swallowing) in the medulla oblongata. Impulses are then sent back to the uvula and soft palate, causing them to move upward and close off the nasopharynx. The laryngeal muscles also constrict to prevent aspiration of food into the trachea. At this point, deglutition apnea takes place, which means that breathing ceases for a very brief time. Contractions of the pharyngeal constrictor muscles move the bolus through the oropharynx and laryngopharynx. Relaxation of the upper esophageal sphincter then allows food to enter the esophagus.
Esophageal Phase
The circular muscle layer of the muscularis contracts, pinching the esophageal wall and forcing the bolus forward. At the same time, the longitudinal muscle layer of the muscularis also contracts, shortening this area and pushing out its walls to receive the bolus. In this way, a series of contractions keeps moving food toward the stomach. When the bolus nears the stomach, distention of the esophagus initiates a short reflex relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter that allows the bolus to pass into the stomach
What are the 5 major GI tract peptide hormones and what do they do ?
• Five major GI peptide hormones
• secretin - DECREASE gastric acid secretion
INCREASE bicarbonate from pancreas and bile from liver
• gastrin - INCREASE gastric acid secretion, motility
• cholecystokinin (CCK) -
INCREASE pancreatic juice and bile
DECREASE gastric acid secretion
- gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP; glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide) - INCREASE insulin secretion
- motilin - INCREASE gastric emptying, peristalsis, pepsin
What are the 5 roles of the GI tract?
- Feeding.
- Absorption/Digestion.
- Neurohomronal regulations of fedding/appetite.
- Distribution.
- Elimination.
What is the function of the parotid duct?
Watery substance of saliva.
What is the function of the parotid salivary glans?
Contains amylase to break down carbs.
What is the function of the Submandibular gland?
Mucus secreting cells.
What is the function of the Sublingual salivary glans?
Thickens saliva with mucus- little amount of amylases.
What are the 3 parts of the stomach?
- Fundus
- Body
- Pylorus
What is the function of the pancreas?
Secrete inactive and active forms of digestive pancreatic juices.
Hormonal function
What are 2 inactive forms of pancreatic juices.
Trysinogen.
Chymotrypsinogen.
What are three active forms of pancreatic juices?
Amylase.
Lipase.
Nucleases.
What is the function of the gall bladder?
Concentrates and stores bile produced by the liver.
How are gall stones formed?
Imbalance of bile constituents.
What is the function of the liver?
Secrete Bile for lipid digestion.
Excretion.
Drug metabolism.
Storage of glycogen, Vitamins and iron.
What is the the function of the spleen?
Blood filter
What are the 4 parts of the Small intestine?
- Duodenum. 2. Jejunum. 3.Ileum. 4. Ileocecal Valve.
What is the function fo the Jejunum?
Absorption of food.
What is the function of the Ileocecal Valve?
Where is it located?
Function: Restrict movement of fluid in one direction only- limits reflux.
Located: Between small and large intestine.
What are the 4 functions of the colon?
- Regulation of chyme entry.
- Storage of Chyme.
- Absorption of water and electrolytes.
- Bacterial synthesis of vitamin K.
What is the function of the mouth?
Begins carbs and lipid breakdown.
Dissolves food allowing taste.
Some microbial function.