PH1124 - Reproductive hormones 2 Flashcards
what is the role of progesterone on the body?
- stimulate gene expression and so cell growth in tissues that express the PR
what are the effects of progesterone on the body? (3)
- contribution to breast development
- maintain uterus structure; control secretory changes in uterus (endometrium) in preparation for and to maintain pregnancy
- causes rise in basal body temperature (after ovulation in luteal phase when progesterone is highest)
what is progesterone clinically used to treat? (2)
- combined with oestradiol as part of HRT
- IVF (to supplement body’s natural progesterone to aid pregnancy)
what are the side effects of clinically using progesterone?
- a very slightly increased risk of breast cancer with certain HRT strategies
what is the general mechanism for reproductive hormones?
- hormone enters cells and binds to specific hormone receptor
- receptor conformation change, dimerization and translocation of this hormone receptor complex to the nucleus
- DNA binding of hormone receptor complex to its specific ‘Hormone Response Element’ (HRE is a short sequence of DNA in the promoter of target genes that can bind the specific ligand-bound hormone receptor)
- influences transcriptional activity of certain genes so there is gene expression (or repression)
- encoded protein synthesis & impact on target cell growth
what regulates gonadal steroidogenesis?
- the endocrine function of the gonads to synthesise reproductive hormones is carefully regulated by the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal axis (HPG axis)
where is the HPG axis?
- hypothalamus is a small structure at the base of the forebrain
what does the HPX axis link?
- links the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland that is also in the brain
what is the hypothalamus composed of? (3)
- composed of 11 zones or ‘nuclei’
- each is able to secrete several different hormones (which are produced from neurons)
- these are secreted directly into the bloodstream to easily reach and regulate the pituitary gland as there is no effective BBB (blood brain barrier)
what processes does the hypothalamus indirectly control? (2)
- hypothalamic nuclei have indirect control of different body processes eg. hunger, body temperature, mood, sleep, thirst etc
- also controls reproductive hormone secretion from the gonads
what does the hypothalamus release? (2)
- releases gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH=LHRH) from ventromedial neurons
- act via the bloodstream (hypophyseal portal system) on the nearby anterior pituitary gland
how does GnHR release gonadotrophins? (3)
- GnRH acts on GnRH receptors found on pituitary ‘gonadotrope’ cells
- activates intracellular enzymes in the pituitary gonadotropes
- enzymes trigger synthesis of gonadotrophins
what is the anterior pituitary able to synthesise?
- anterior pituitary contains the specialised cells (gonadotropes) that are able to synthesise both gonadotrophins FSH & LH in response to GnRH
what does LH or FSH production depend on?
- depends on pulsatile GnRH; FSH and LH is released into the bloodstream & comprises the endocrine stimulation for the gonads
what is the gonadotrophin mechanism of action on the gonads? (3)
- gonadotrophins = LH and FSH
- LH and FSH each bind to different GPCR-type transmembrane receptors expressed on cells within ovary and testes
- this then activates GPCR signalling, and thereby gonad function
what are the main functions of LH? (2)
- in females they act on ovarian follicles and helps induce ovulation
- in males they act on testes leydig cells so they can produce testosterone (which in turn is important for spermatogenesis)
what are the main functions of FSH? (2)
- in female they promote ovarian follicle development and oestrogen production from granulosa cells
- in males they stimulate spermatogenesis in testes by acting on the sertoli cells
what is the direct negative feedback mechanism for reproductive hormone synthesis?
- steroid hormones (testosterone/oestrogen) directly feedback onto anterior pituitary to decrease secretion of gonadotrophins FSH/LH