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Mpharm 1 > PH1123 - Inside the cell > Flashcards

PH1123 - Inside the cell Flashcards

1
Q

what are the simplest and oldest prokaryotes?

A
  • bacteria
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2
Q

what is DNA in prokaryotes called?

A
  • plasmids
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3
Q

what are the function of plasmids? (4)

A
  • fertility; transfer of genetic material between bacteria
  • resistance; antibiotics
  • degradative; digestion of organic substances
  • virulence; turn the bacteria into a pathogen
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4
Q

what is the cytoplasm? (3)

A
  • area contained by the plasma membrane
  • contains many membrane-bound compartments to facilitate distinct environment within organelles
  • defined as everything excluding the nucleus
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5
Q

what is the cell cytosol? (3)

A
  • largest compartment of the cell
  • composed of densely packed molecules and aqueous gel
  • site of many essential chemical reactions
    we can infer that while cytosol is the fluid contained in the cell cytoplasm
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6
Q

what chemical reactions occur in the cytosol? (4)

A
  • early steps in nutrient breakdown
  • ATP generation (glycolysis)
  • manufacture of protein
  • signalling transduction
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7
Q

what is the mitochondria? (3)

A
  • present in all eukaryotic cells
  • function is cellular respiration (in cytosol; anaerobic glycolysis and in mitochondrion; pyruvate oxidation)
  • distinctive structure
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8
Q

what is the relationship between the number of mitochondria and exercise?

A
  • the more exercise the more mitochondria in muscle cells as cells adapt to a higher energy requirement
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9
Q

what are the four separate components of the mitochondria? (4)

A
  • outer membrane
  • intermembrane space
  • inner membrane
  • matrix
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10
Q

what are the functions of the outer membrane? (2)

A
  • separation of internal and external environments

- role in cell death (disruption of outer membrane allows proteins from intermembrane space to leak into cytosol)

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11
Q

what is in intermembrane space?

A
  • cytochrome c
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12
Q

what is cytochrome c important for? (2)

A
  • essential component of the electron transport chain

- important in apoptosis

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13
Q

what does the inner membrane of mitochondria contain? (2)

A
  • highly folded to form cristae

- mitochondria of cells with high ATP demand contain more cristae

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14
Q
  • what does cristae enhance? (2)
A
  • increase surface area of inner membrane

- enhance ability to produce ATP

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15
Q

what does the matrix of the mitochondria contain? (2)

A
  • contains most of mitochondrial proteins/enzymes

- mitochondrial ribosomes, tRNA and mtDNA and several copies of the mitochondrial genome

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16
Q

what are the principal sites of intracellular digestion?

A
  • lysosomes
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17
Q

where are lysosome produced?

A
  • golgi
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18
Q

what do lysosomes contain and examples? (5)

A
  • many hydrolytic enzymes
  • lipases
  • carbohydrates
  • nucleases
  • proteases
19
Q

what are endosomes? (2)

A
  • eukaryotic cells constantly taking up fluid and molecules via endocytosis
  • membrane-bound organelles
20
Q

how are endocytic vesicles formed? (3)

A
  • plasma membrane buds inwards
  • pinches off to form intracellular endycotic vesicle
  • can fuse with lysosomes or be recycled to the surface
21
Q

what are the functions of endosomes? (3)

A
  • internalisation of nutrients
  • regulation of cell surface protein expression
  • uptake and digestion of extracellular debris
22
Q

why do cells require endocytosis? (2)

A
  • most molecules required for cellular function are large, polar molecules
  • they cannot pass through the hydrophobic portion of the plasma cell membrane by passive means
23
Q

what are the types of endocytosis? (3)

A
  • pinocytosis
  • receptor mediated endocytosis (clathrin/caveolin-mediated endocytosis)
  • phagocytosis
24
Q

what is pinocytosis? (4)

A

what is pinocytosis? (4)

  • small particles are taken in by a cell by splitting off small vesicles from the cell surface
  • nonspecific transport of substances
  • cell takes in surrounding fluids
  • active transport
25
Q

what is receptor-mediated endocytosis? (3)

A
  • receptor binds to ligand
  • captured by clathrin coated pit
  • mature pit bud off forming a coated vesicle
26
Q

what is phagcytosis? (3)

A
  • a cell engulfs a solid particle to form an internal compartment known as a phagosome
  • pseudopodium
  • eliminate debris or pathogens via lysosome
27
Q

what do the professional phagocytes include? (6)

A
  • white blood cells
  • macrophages
  • monocytes
  • neutrophils
  • mast cells
  • dendritic cells
28
Q

what is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A
  • the endoplasmic reticulum in striated muscle cells in the heart and skeletal muscle
29
Q

what are the two functional compartments of the endoplasmic reticulum? (2)

A
  • rough endoplasmic reticulum

- smooth endoplasmic reticulum

30
Q

what is the difference between the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  • the rough endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes on its surface
31
Q

what are ribosomes? (2)

A
  • site of protein synthesis (translation)

- link amino acids together in the order specified by messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules

32
Q

what are the two major components of ribosomes? (2)

A
  • the small ribosomal unit

- the large ribosomal subunits

33
Q

what is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum? (5)

A
  • protein manufacture
  • protein targeting
  • steroid production
  • drug detoxification
  • Ca2+ storage/ release
34
Q

what is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  • lacks ribosomes and is involved in lipid manufacture
35
Q

how does the amount of protein relate to the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  • cells that secrete large amounts of proteins have large amounts of rough endoplasmic reticulum
36
Q

what is glycosylation and what is the purpose? (2)

A
  • carbohydrates attached to proteins

- purpose is folding and stability

37
Q

what part of the endoplasmic reticulum is steroid production, drug detoxification and Ca2+ storage associated with and what does it do? (2)

A
  • smooth endoplasmic reticulum

- storage of proteins and sites of action of many enzymes

38
Q

what are some examples of proteins and enzymes in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum? (3)

A
  • membrane lipid synthesis
  • cytochrome p450 enzymes (present in most tissue but especially liver)
  • calsequesterin
39
Q

what is calsequesterin?

A
  • calcium binding protein of the sarcoplasmic reticulum
40
Q

what is the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A
  • forms extensive network surrounding muscle sacromeres and supplies them with Ca2+
41
Q

what is the structure of the sarcoplasmic reticulum? (2)

A
  • tubular network

- smooth muscle cells are spindle-shaped

42
Q

what is the structure of the golgi apparatus? (4)

A
  • flattened disc-shaped sacs (cisternae)
  • located near nucleus
  • cis (entry) and trans (exit) face
  • proteins travel from the endoplasmic reticulum to golgi and within golgi via transport vesicles
43
Q

what is cis and trans of the golgi apparatus? (2)

A
  • incoming transport vesicles (cis)

- outgoing transport vesicles (trans)

44
Q

what is the function of the golgi apparatus? (3)

A
  • secretory pathway
  • lysosome formation
  • protein modification and sorting

Mpharm 1 (59 decks)

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