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BDS year 1 - biochemistry > pH + buffers > Flashcards

pH + buffers Flashcards

1
Q

what is the formula to measure pH

A

pH= -log [H+]

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2
Q

what is the range of human blood plasma

A

pH =7.35 – 7.45

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3
Q

what is acidosis and when does it occur

A

blood pH below 7.3

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4
Q

what is alkalosis + when does it occur

A

blood pH greater than 7.5

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5
Q

why does pH blood need to be maintained

A

affects solubility of substrates
affects 3D structures + proteins
affects activity of biological system

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6
Q

what are 6 symptoms of acidosis

A 
nausea
shortness of breath
headache
increase heart rate
arrhythmia 
confusion
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7
Q

what is acid definition

A

compound that donate proton + gains negative charge

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8
Q

what is alkali definition

A

compound that gains protons + gains positive charge

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9
Q

what is the average pH of human blood

A

pH 7.4 - slight basic

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10
Q

what are the 2 main sources of acid found in human body

A

metabolic

respiratory

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11
Q

what is the main acid from respiratory + describe the equation

A

CO2 dissolved in water –> carbonic acid

CO2 + H2O  H2CO3  H+ + HCO3 -

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12
Q

what are the main acids that are made by metabolic

A

organic acid (lactic + uric)
inorganic (sulphuric)
keto acids

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13
Q

how are organic + inorganic acids made

A

metabolism of amino acids contain sulphur + phosphorus

sulphuric acid

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14
Q

how is lactic acid produced

A

anaerobic glycolysis

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15
Q

what can happen if there is too much kept acids

A

cause ketoacidosis in diabetes

not produce enough insulin

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16
Q

what is a buffer definition

A

chemical compound that help stabilise pH of solution removing or adding protons

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17
Q

how can a buffer be formed + give example of one

A

weak acid + its conjugate base

acetic acid + sodium acetate

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18
Q

name 4 different buffers

A

haemoglobin
proteins
phosphate
bicarbonate

19
Q

haemoglobin - name the acid, conjugate base + site where found

A

HHb
Hb
interior of RBC

20
Q

proteins - name the acid, conjugate base + site where found

A

Hprot
Prot
intracellular fluid

21
Q

bicarbonate - name the acid, conjugate base + site where found

A

C02 –> H2CO3
HCO3-
blood plasma

22
Q

Phosphate - name the acid, conjugate base + site where found

A

H2PO4-
HPO4-
intracellular fluid

23
Q

what is definition of buffer capacity

A

amount of cid or base that can be added to a vol of buffer before its pH changes significantly

24
Q

how is the buffer capacity measured

A

Experimentally by titration

25
Q

what is definition of dissociation constant

A

specific type of eqbm constant that measures the dissociation of a object to separate/ split reversibly into smaller components

26
Q

what is the eqn of dissociation + formula for dissociation constant

A

HA H+ + A-

Kd = [H+][A-]
[HA]

27
Q

what is the Henderson hasselbach equation

A 
pH= pKa + log [A-]/[HA]
HA = conc weak acid
A- = conc weak base
28
Q

what does the pKa equal in hasselbach equation

A

pH when 50% of the HA (acid) is ionised

29
Q

what is the hardest tissue in the body + its mineral content

A

enamel

96% mineral content

30
Q

what is the problem with enamel having a high mineral content +

A

prone to demineralisation

causing dental caries

31
Q

how is caries formed by enamel

A 
sugars coat surface of tooth + cavity
bacteria process + digest sugar --> produce lactic acid + plaque
reduces pH below critical point
enamel dissolved
causes caries
32
Q

what is scientific name of enamel

A

crystalline calcium phosphate

hydroxyapatite

33
Q

what is the critical pH for the tooth

A

pH 5.2-5.5

34
Q

what does the critical pH mean

A

fluid surrounding tooth become increasingly acidic
point reached below critical point
tooth mineral dissolves
stops being saturated with Ca2+ and phosphate

35
Q

why is saliva important in the mouth

A

acts as buffer

causing normal resting pH of mouth not to fall under pH 6.3

36
Q

what are the 3 buffers in saliva

A

phosphate
proteins
bicarbonate

37
Q

how is protein as a buffer in saliva

A

not very effective –> charged groups form peptide bonds

38
Q

how is phosphate as a buffer in saliva

A

good buffer but not concentrated enough in saliva to be effective

39
Q

how is bicarbonate as a buffer in saliva

A

major buffer in saliva

40
Q

what is the equation of the buffer in saliva with bicarbonate

A

HCO3- + H+ H2CO3 CO2 + H2O

41
Q

what happens to the buffer equation in saliva when acid is produced by bacteria

A

equation shifts RIGHT
acid neutralised by bicarbonate
CO2 lost to atmosphere

42
Q

what is carbonic acid one in mouth

A

1.3 mmol/L

43
Q

how would you use hasselbach eqn to find the pH in the mouth

A

pH = pKa +(bicarbonate flow rate/ carbonic acid conc)

44
Q

what is the pK for bicarbonate

A

6.1

BDS year 1 - biochemistry (14 decks)

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