Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BDS year 1 - biochemistry > cell structure > Flashcards

cell structure Flashcards

1
Q

Name 5 properties of the cell membrane briefly

A 
separate interior + exterior
has phospholipid bilayer
used in cellular processes
attachment surface for cell wall
selectively permeable to ions + organic molecules
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what molecules can and cannot cross the cell membrane

A

charged ions + glucose CAN’T CROSS

O2 + CO2 + H20 + NO can cross by diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what does the phospholipid bilayer consist of

A

hydrophilic outer heads = polar
hydrophobic fatty acid tails - inner core = non polar
embedded proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what cellular processes is the cell membrane used for

A

cell adhesion
ion conductivity
signalling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

why can’t charged ions pass through the membrane

A

can’t pass through hydrophobic regions ( not through inner core)
so can’t pass through core of phospholipid bilayer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

why is the membrane called fluid mosaic

A 
fluid = components move around
mosaic = variety of lipids + proteins --> can form complexes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what does the mother centriole do in a centrosome

A

older one in pair

helps making cilia + flagella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how does the centrosome make the mitotic spindle

A

centrosome nucleated tubules interact with chromosome

builds spindle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how are centrosomes used in prophase

A

associated with nuclear membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are 3 properties of lysosome

A

contain hydrolytic enzymes + digest cellular components
used with macrophages
contain 50+ diff enzymes active at pH 5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is cytosol + its function

A

intracellular fluid where organelles held

separated into compartments by membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is a vacuole

A

closed compartment contain organic + inorganic molecules + enzymes in solution
formed by fusion of multiple membrane vesicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

describe 4 functions of the vacuole

A

role in autophagy
aid in lysis + forming vesicles
helps maintain balance between biogenesis + degradation of cell structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is autophagy

A

vacuole helps to break down proteins in cell + prevents build up of misfolded proteins
beta amyloid —> Alzheimers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are the main functions of mitochondria

A

ATP synthesis for: antibodies, enzymes, hormones –> using ribosomes to make proteins
ATP to regulate cell metabolism (need for ion channels in membrane)
can be specific –> detoxify ammonia in liver
sensitive to hormones = oestrogen receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are extra functions of mitochondria

A 
regulate apoptosis
Ca2+ signalling
cell metabolism
steroid synthesis 
cell membrane potential
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what does cytoskeleton contain

A

microfilaments made of actin protein
microtubules = tubular protein
intermediate filaments
dynamic structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the structure of golgi

A

flat tubes connected to ER

transports vesicles around

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are the functions of Golgi apparatus

A

synthesises macromolecules
modify, sort + packages macromolecules for exocytosis/used in cell
carb synthesis
modify + complete synthesis of complex lipids + proteins (glyco lipids + proteins)
modifies proteins from ER + transport lipids around cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

describe the structure of RER

A

network of continuous channel membrane
inner + outer surfaces
inner portion = exterior
ribosomes attached to exterior

21
Q

what are the functions of RER

A

makes lysosome enzymes + secretes proteins (glycosalyation)

makes integral membrane proteins that are embedded in membrane (ion channels)

22
Q

what is glycosalyation

A

adding carb chains to proteins – adds stability + allows tracking of molecules in cell signalling

23
Q

what is the structure of SER

A

network of continuous channel membrane
inner + outer surfaces
inner portion = exterior

24
Q

what is the main function of SER

A

phospholipid, steroid, lipid synthesis

25
Q

what areas secrete lipids, phospholipid + steroids + what’s special about these areas

A

ovaries, testes, oil glands

they have loads of SER

26
Q

what does SER do in muscles

A

regulate Ca2+ conc in muscle cells

27
Q

what are other functions of SER

A

steroid + carbs, drug detox,

by attaching onto cell membrane

28
Q

how are vesicles used by cell for organising substances

A

separated from cytosol

so inside vesicle diff to cytosol env

29
Q

what are the functions of vesicles

A 
transport
metabolism
buoyancy control
enzyme storage
chemical reaction chambers
30
Q

what is function of ribosomes

A

makes proteins

31
Q

how are proteins made at ribosome

A

mRNA transcribed copy from DNA
tRNA - amino acid adapter
one end matches mRNA code matches with specific amino acid

32
Q

how does nucleus control cell activities

A

maintains gene activity

regulate gene expression

33
Q

what is formed in the nucleus and how is DNA packaged

A

tRNA, mRNA, ribosomes formed

DNA packaged into chromatin

34
Q

why does the nucleus need nuclear pores

A

impermeable to large molecules

35
Q

what are histone proteins used for in the nucleus

A

they compress DNA so can fit inside cell

36
Q

what is nucleolus made of

A

proteins + RNA

37
Q

what is the main function of nucleolus

A

transcribe + modify rRNA + integrate ribosomal proteins –> immature proteins

38
Q

how is RNA synthesis regulated in the nucleolus

A

stress sensor based on cellular env

39
Q

what is function of peroxisomes

A

catalyse breakdown of toxic substances (H2O2)

clean up H2O2 in water + lipid metabolism

40
Q

what are the characteristics of prokaryotes

A 
flagella
protective capsules + sometimes mesosomes
70s ribosomes
peptidoglycan cell wall
nucleoid
no Golgi apparatus 
no membrane bound organelles
1 plasmid - no true chromosomes
41
Q

what colour is gram positive

A

purple

42
Q

what is the shape of cell and cell wall if it is gram positive + colour

A

puprple
rod shaped
thick cell wall

43
Q

what are the characteristics of the cell of gram positive

A

thick cell wall - dye doesn’t wash out easily + mesh for strength –> otherwise sensitive to osmotic changes + spherical shaped
single cell membrane
lots peptidoglycan - single cell membrane
destroyed by steaming Not boiling
rod shaped = spore forming

44
Q

what colour is bacteria that is gram negative

A

pink/red

45
Q

what is the shape of cell and cell wall if it is negative + colour

A

complex + thin peptidoglycan cell wall
pink/redish
complex wall –> dye diffuses out easily

46
Q

what is gram negative cell wall specially made of and why does it help

A

lipopolysaccharides:
structural integrity
resist chemical attack

47
Q

how do antibiotics cause cell lysis of bacteria

A

antibiotics alters peptidoglycan synthesis for cell wall –> cell wall can’t form –> cell lysis

48
Q

what is function of microscopes + what is the function

A

can image single molecules within cells

point spread function allows sharper image

BDS year 1 - biochemistry (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions