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BDS year 1 - biochemistry > how cells obtain energy from food > Flashcards

how cells obtain energy from food Flashcards

1
Q

what is energy balance

A

balance between energy intake + energy expenditure

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2
Q

what is positive energy balance

A

energy consumes excess energy expended
storage excess energy
triglyceride in adipose tissue

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3
Q

what is negative energy balance

A

energy consumes less than energy expended

weight loss + malnutrition

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4
Q

what is glycogenesis

A

glycogen synthesis

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5
Q

what is glycogenolysis

A

breakdown of glycogen

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6
Q

what is gluconeogenesis

A

glucose synthesis

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7
Q

what is esterification

A

triglyceride synthesis

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8
Q

what is lipolysis

A

breakdown of triglyceride

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9
Q

what is lipogenesis

A

fatty acid synthesis

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10
Q

where does cori cycle take place + when does it occur

A

involves muscle + liver

functions in anaerobic conditions when muscles contracting under reduced oxygen tension

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11
Q

describe cori cycle

A

contracting muscles make lactate –> liver
in liver gluconeogenesis converts lactate –> pyruvate + glucose
glucose –> pyruvate –> acetyl coA (enters Krebs)
otherwise glucose –> pyruvate during aerobic glycolysis

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12
Q

what is anabolism

A

feeding, excess nutrients stored by anabolic pathways, stimulated by insulin hormone

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13
Q

describe the anabolic pathways for glucose, fatty acids + AA

A

glucose - glycogenesis -> glycogen (liver muscle)
glucose - lipogenesis -> fatty acids - esterification -> triacylglycerol (adipose)
fatty acids- esterification -> triacylglycerol
AA - protein synthesis -> muscle

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14
Q

how does glucose enter cells + how can glucose uptake be increased

A

facilitated diffusion by GLUTs (glucose transporters)

by increasing number of GLUTs at the plasma membrane

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15
Q

how do fatty acids move across the plasma membrane

A

diffuse down its conc gradient or via transporter proteins

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16
Q

how is energy released from a compound

A

breaking bonds in compound releases energy

17
Q

what can happen when a cell has energy available

A

can be stored by adding phosphate group to ADP to make ATP

18
Q

how is ATP converted to ADP

A

by breaking bond between 2nd + 3rd phosphate groups

release energy for cellular processes

19
Q

what are the 5 diff stages of how energy obtained from food

A 
digestion 
glycolysis
link reaction
Krebs cycle
oxidative phosphorylation
20
Q

describe digestion stage in obtaining energy from food

A

Hal in stomach + enzymes in mouth, stomach, small intestine + lysosome helps digest large molecules
small molecules absorbed in epithelial cells, blood

21
Q

describe the steps of glycolysis + where occurs

A 
cytoplasm
glucose -> glucose phosphate using ATP -> hexose bisphosphate using ATP 
hexose bisphosphate hydrolysed -> 2x TP
2xTP oxidised -> 2x pyruvate + 2 NADH
4 ATP made, but net ATP = 2
22
Q

what is alcoholic fermentation in glycolysis

A

yeast
pyruvate converted to ethanol releasing CO2 + NAD
2xNAD, ATP, Ethanol

23
Q

what is lactate fermentation

A

pyruvate converted to lactate releasing NAD

24
Q

describe Link reaction in how energy obtained + where occurs

A

mitochondria matrix
twice for each glucose molecule
pyruvate decarboxylated –> acetate, releases CO2 + NADH
acetate combines with coA –> acetyl CoA

25
Q

describe Krebs in how energy obtained + where occurs

A

mitochondria matrix
oxaloacetate reacts with Acetyl CoA –> release CoA + forms citrate
citrate decarboxylated + dehydrogenated (CO2 + NADH released) –> 5C compound
5C compound converted back to oxaloacetate releasing FADH, 2xNADH, 2xATP, CO2

26
Q

what does NAD stand for

A

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

27
Q

describe oxidative phosphorylation + occurs where

A

mitochondria cristae
H atoms released from NADH + FADH + split into electrons + protons
e- move down ETC losing energy
energy used pump H+ from matrix -> inter membrane space
H+ move down electrochemical grad by ATP synthase
allows ADP + Pi –> TP
H+ +e- + O2 –> water

28
Q

name the 4 complexes in the ETC

A

complex 1 = NADH dehydrogenase
complex 2 = succinate dehydrogenase
complex 3 = coenzyme Q reductase
complex 4 = cytochrome C reductase

29
Q

roughly how many molecules of ATP are in solution in a typical cell at anytime

A

109

30
Q

what 3 inhibitors of ETC are there

A

rotenone
antimycin A
cyanide ions

BDS year 1 - biochemistry (14 decks)

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