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PERSONAL REVIEWER > PETROLEUM GEOLOGY AND COAL > Flashcards

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY AND COAL Flashcards

1
Q

Include both the depression and the sediment

A

Basin

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2
Q

A complex Igneous and Metamorphic rocks in continental areas

A

Basement

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3
Q

Negative relief with respect to their surroundings

A

Basement

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4
Q

Areas that receive a normal veneer of sediment over the basement

A

Platforms or Shelves

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5
Q

Neutral Relief

A

Platforms or Shelves

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6
Q

Receive thinner than average sediment

A

Arches

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7
Q

Persistent regional positive relief

A

Arches

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8
Q

Type of Basin that has Moderate to high Geothermal gradient

A

Backarc Basin

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9
Q

Type of Basin that is Typified by Volcano-clastic reservoirs

A

Backarc Basin

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10
Q

Type of Basin with Limited hydrocarbon potential

A

Forearc Basin

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11
Q

Type of Basin that has Low geothermal gradient

A

Forearc Basin

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12
Q

Type of Basin which has a Scarcity of good clastic reservoir

A

Forearc Basin

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13
Q

Type of Basin which has Insufficient trap size

A

Rift basin

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14
Q

Type of Basin which has a High geothermal gradient

A

Rift Basin

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15
Q

Type of Basin which has an Inadequate development of source rocks

A

Rift Basin

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16
Q

5 Backarc Basins in the Philippines

A
  1. Visayan Basin
  2. Southeast Luzon Basin
  3. Cagayan Basin
  4. Cotabato Basin
  5. Sulu Sea Basin
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17
Q

7 Forearc Basins in the Philippines

A
  1. Ilocos Trough
  2. Central Luzon Basin
  3. West Luzon Basin
  4. West Masbate-Iloilo Basin
  5. Agusan - Davao Basin
  6. Bicol Shelf
  7. East Palawan Basin
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18
Q

4 Rift Basins in the Philippines

A
  1. Northwest Palawan Basin
  2. Mindoro - Cuyo Platform
  3. Southwest Palawan Basin
  4. Reed Bank Basin
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19
Q

Crust Type Basin Classification

A
  1. Continental Crust
  2. Intermediate Crust
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20
Q

Tectonic Setting Basin Classification

A
  1. Extension (Cratonic)
  2. Compression (Cratonic)
  3. Divergent Margins
  4. Convergent Margins
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21
Q

Basin Type Basin Classification

A

1.Interior
2.Foreland
3.Rift - Tertiary Delta
4.Pull-Apart - Tertiary Delta
5.Downwarp (Open, Closed, Trough) - Tertiary Delta
6.Fore-arc - Tertiary Delta
7.Back-arc - Tertiary Delta
8.Non-arc - Tertiary Delta
9. Collision - Tertiary Delta

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22
Q

What are the 4 parts of Sedimentary Basin?

A
  1. Basin
  2. Basement
  3. Platforms or Shelves
  4. Arches
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23
Q

First 4 definition of Geometry Basin?

A
  1. Vary widely both in size and shape
  2. At least 1000sq. kms
  3. 2 -10 kms in sediment thickness
  4. Vary in shapes (circular, elliptical, rectangular)
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24
Q

Last 3 definition of Geometry Basin?

A
  1. Some are embayments that open out into larger basins and lack closure
  2. Basin is not always thickest at its depocenter (Sometimes)
  3. Carbonate basin deposition takes place along shallow shelf basin (Sometimes)
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25
Q

Tectonic Settings of Sedimentary Basin

A
  1. Convergent Margin
  2. Divergent Margin
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26
Q

Deals with the study of origin, occurrence, movement, accumulation and exploration of hydrocarbon fuels

A

Petroleum Geology

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27
Q

Petroleum Geology deals with what subdiscipline/s of Science?

A
  1. Chemistry
  2. Physics
  3. Biology
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28
Q

Deals with the mineralogical composition of rocks and pore fluid

A

Chemistry/ Geochemistry

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29
Q

Deals with structures involved in trapping and data gathering in wells

A

Physics / Geophysics

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30
Q

Deals with the transformation of plants and animals into hydrocarbons and fossil in life

A

Biology

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31
Q

essentially made up hydrocarbon compounds

A

Petroleum

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32
Q

Petroleum comes from words _______________

A

“Petra” means rock
“Oleum” means oil

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33
Q

Petroleum on normal temperature condition forms in liquid form is called

A

Crude Oil

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34
Q

Petroleum on normal temperature condition forms in Gas form is called

A

Natural Gas

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35
Q

Petroleum on normal temperature condition forms in Solid Form is/ are called

A

Tar and Bitumen

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36
Q

Petroleum Color Varies from

A

Green, Yellow, Black, Brown

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37
Q

Petroleum with a low/ little Sulfur content is called

A

Sweet Crude Oil

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38
Q

Petroleum with a High Sulfur Content is called

A

Sour Crude Oil

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39
Q

% of Carbon in petroleum

A

83 to 85

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40
Q

% of Hydrocarbon in Petroleum

A

10 to 14

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41
Q

% of Nitrogen in Petroleum

A

0.1 to 2

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42
Q

% of Oxygen in Petroleum

A

0.05 to 1.5

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43
Q

% of Sulfur in Petroleum

A

0.05 to 6

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44
Q

% Metals in Petroleum

A

<0.1

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45
Q

Hydrocarbon were derived from the geochemical conversion of organic matter and material in time through the agents of temperature and pressure.

A

Organic Theory

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46
Q

Stage 1 of the Organic Theory is the _______________________

A

Deposition of plants and animal remains

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47
Q

Stage 2 of the Organic Theory is the ______________________

A

Burial, Pressure and Temperature Changes (Hydrocarbon maturity)

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48
Q

Stage 3 of the Organic Theory is the _____________________

A

Migration: controlled by the lithology and structure

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49
Q

Stage 4 of the Organic Theory is the ____________________

A

Entrapment (Timing) and Accumulation in the reservoir rock (Porous and Permeable)

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50
Q

A concept that encompasses all of the disparate elements and processes of petroleum geology

A

Petroleum System

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51
Q

6 Elements of Petroleum System

A
  1. Source Rocks
  2. Migration
  3. Reservoir Rocks
  4. Cap Rocks / Seals
  5. Trap
  6. Timing
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52
Q

Sedimentary rock containing organic material, which under heat, time and pressure was transformed to liquid or gaseous hydrocarbons

A

Source Rock

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53
Q

Movement of generated hydrocarbons from the source rock to the reservoir rock in a trap through conduits

A

Migration

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54
Q

Any rock that has a sufficient porosity and permeability to permit storage and accumulation of crude oil or gas

A

Reservoir Rocks

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55
Q

Examples of Source Rocks

A

Shale, Marl, Carbonates

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56
Q

Examples of Reservoir Rocks

A

Sandstone, Limestone, Dolomite, Fractured Rocks

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57
Q

An impervious or impermeable bed capping the reservoir rocks in a trap

A

Cap Rocks / Seals

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58
Q

Examples of Cap Rocks/ Seals

A

Chalks, Shale, Clays

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59
Q

Any barrier to upward movement of oil and gas allowing either or both to accumulate

A

Trap

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60
Q

Relationship between the time of trap formation and time of hydrocarbon generation and migration

A

Timing

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61
Q

It is a rock capable of generating oil and gas

A

Source Rock

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62
Q

Requirements to be a Source Rock

A
  1. Rich in Organic Content (Organic Matter)
  2. Matured Enough to expel the oil and Gas
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63
Q

Source Rock must be a ________________

A

Sedimentary Rock

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64
Q

Refers solely to material composed of organic molecules in monomeric or polymeric from derived directly or indirectly from the organic part of organisms

A

Organic Matter

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65
Q

Basic Process that accomplishes the mass production of organic matter on earth

A

Photosynthesis

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66
Q

Converts light energy to chemical energy by the transfer of hydrogen from water to carbon dioxide to produce organic matter in the form of glucose and oxygen

A

Photosynthesis

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67
Q

The primary producer of Organic Matter from Pre-Cambrian to Devonian

A

Marine Phytoplankton

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68
Q

The increasing amount of primary production of Organic Matter from Devonian onwards comes from __________________

A

Terrestrial Sources

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69
Q

What are the 4 most important contributors of Organic Matter in Sediments?

A
  1. Phytoplanktons
  2. Zooplanktons
  3. Higher Plants
  4. Bacteria
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70
Q

What are needed for the production of Organic Matter?

A
  1. Controlled by light, temperature and chemical composition of sea water.
  2. Large part of biological production is concentrated in the upper 60 to 80 meters of the water column
  3. Productivity of coastal waters 2X as that of open seas. Most productive are areas with water upwelling
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71
Q

It is the organic material in sedimentary rocks which is insoluble in ordinary organic solvents

A

Kerogen

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72
Q

Formed primarily from carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur

A

Kerogen

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73
Q

It is the organic material in sedimentary rocks which is soluble in ordinary organic solvents

A

Bitumen

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74
Q

It is the oil - like part of Organic Matter which is mobile

A

Bitumen

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75
Q

It is a product the partial conversion of kerogen as a result of rising temperature and passing time

A

Bitumen

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76
Q

It has a lower molecular weight compared to kerogen

A

Bitumen

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77
Q

_______________ is the most important to the petroleum geologist

A

Kerogen

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78
Q

Kerogens are typed based on their _____________________

A

Hydrogen, Carbon and Oxygen Content

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79
Q

Consist mainly of waxy and cuticular material rich in lipids

A

Type I. Algal Kerogen or Alginite

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80
Q

What are the Types of Kerogen?

A

Type I. Algal kerogen or alginite
Type II. Formed from lipid components or exinite
Type III. Woody Kerogen or vitrinite
Type IV. Eroded or reworked Organic Matter or Inertinite

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81
Q

Derived largely from algal material or from OM enriched in lipids due to microbial alteration

A

Type I. Algal Kerogen or Alginite

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82
Q

Represents the smallest volume of preserved OM but generates the most oil for a given volume of kerogen

A

Type I. Algag Kerogen or Alginite

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83
Q

In type I Kerogen _________ will be generated

A

Oil

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84
Q

Derived not only from algae but also other organisms like bacteria, phytoplankton, zooplankton and minor amounts of terrigenous OM like spores and pollen

A

Type II. Formed from lipid components or exinite

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85
Q

More abundant than Type I but generated a large volume of the world’s oil and gas deposits

A

Type II. Formed from lipid components or exinite

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86
Q

In type II Kerogen _____________ will be generated

A

Oil and Gas

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87
Q

Contains few, if any, ester groups or aliphatic chains

A

Type III. Woody kerogen or vitrinite

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88
Q

Derived from terrestrial higher plants and their parts including wood, cellulose, lignin, vitrine and huminite

A

Type III. Woody kerogen or vitrinite

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89
Q

Type III. Kerogen can be found along ________________ where there is a rapid deposition

A

Continental Margins

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90
Q

In type III Kerogen ______________ will be generated

A

Gas

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91
Q

What type of Kerogen is coal considered?

A

Type III. Woody kerogen or vitrinite

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92
Q

Contain highly oxidized inertinitic material

A

Type IV. Eroded or Reworked Organic Matter or Inertinite

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93
Q

Result of either oxidation of Organic Matter during deposition or degradation due to diagenetic transformation

A

Type IV. Eroded or Reworked Organic Matter or Inertinite

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94
Q

In type IV kerogen only gas can be generated but only during the ______________________

A

Later Stage of Maturity

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95
Q

Maceral: Alginite
Kerogen Type: I
Original Organic Matter: ______________

A

Fresh Water Algae

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96
Q

Maceral: ________________
Kerogen Type: I
Original Organic Matter: Freshwater algae

A

Alginite

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97
Q

Maceral: Alginite
Kerogen Type: ______________
Original Organic Matter: Freshwater Algae

A

Type I

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98
Q

Maceral: _________________
Kerogen Type: II
Original Organic Matter: Pollen, Spores

A

Exinite

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99
Q

Maceral: Exinite
Kerogen Type: ______________
Original Organic Matter: Pollen, Spores

A

Type II

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100
Q

Maceral: Exinite
Kerogen Type: II
Original Organic Matter: _______________

A

Pollen, Spores

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101
Q

Maceral: ______________
Kerogen Type: II
Original Organic Matter: Land - Plant Cuticle

A

Cutinite

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102
Q

Maceral: Cutinite
Kerogen Type: ____________
Original Organic Matter: Land - Plant Cuticle

A

Type II

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103
Q

Maceral: Cutinite
Kerogen Type: II
Original Organic Matter: __________________

A

Land - Plant Cuticle

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104
Q

Maceral:__________
Kerogen Type: II
Original Organic Matter: Land Plant Resins

A

Resinite

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105
Q

Maceral: Resinite
Kerogen Type: ___________
Original Organic Matter: Land Plant Resins

A

Type II

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106
Q

Maceral: Resinite
Kerogen Type: II
Original Organic Matter: ________________

A

Land Plant Resins

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107
Q

Maceral: ______________
Kerogen Type: II
Original Organic Matter: All Land Plant Lipids; Marine Algae

A

Liptinite

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108
Q

Maceral: Liptinite
Kerogen Type: __________
Original Organic Matter: All Land Plant Lipids; Marine Algae

A

Type II

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109
Q

Maceral: Liptinite
Kerogen Type: II
Original Organic Matter: ________________

A

All Land Plant Lipids; Marine Algae

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110
Q

Maceral: ______________
Kerogen Type: III
Original Organic Matter: Woody and Cellulosic material from land plants

A

Vitrinite

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111
Q

Maceral: Vitrinite
Kerogen Type: _____________
Original Organic Matter: Woody and Cellulosic material from land plants

A

Type III

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112
Q

Maceral: Vitrinite
Kerogen Type: III
Original Organic Matter: ____________________

A

Woody and Cellulosic material from land plants

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113
Q

Maceral: _________________
Kerogen Type: IV
Original Organic Matter: Charcoal; highly oxidized or reworked material of any origin

A

Inertinite

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114
Q

Maceral: Inertinite
Kerogen Type: ____________
Original Organic Matter: Charcoal; highly oxidized or reworked material of any origin

A

Type IV

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115
Q

Maceral: Inertinite
Kerogen Type: IV
Original Organic Matter: ___________________________

A

Charcoal; highly oxidized or reworked material of any origin

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3
4
5
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116
Q

What are the 3 Main Stages of the Evolution of Organic Matter

A
  1. Diagenesis
  2. Catagenesis
  3. Metagenesis
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117
Q

What type of petroleum is prone in Terrestrial Sources?

A

Gas Prone

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118
Q

What type of petroleum is prone in Marine Sources?

A

Oil Prone

119
Q

Ultimate Source or all organic matter was originally __________________

A

Atmospheric CO2 (Carbon Dioxide)

120
Q

Lays the foundation for the evolution of higher forms of life

A

Photosynthesis

121
Q

Photosynthesis emerged as a worldwide phenomenon during _______________

A

Pre-Cambrian

122
Q

First 4 Statements in the Accumulation and Preservation of Organic Matter

A
  1. Practically Restricted to an Aquatic Environment
  2. Balanced between energy level and sedimentation rate are needed to concentrate and preserve Organic Matter in sediments
    3.Too high Energy Level causes erosion and high sedimentation rate
  3. Too low Energy Level, very little sediment supplied bury the organic Matter
123
Q

Last 3 statements in the Accumulation and Preservation of Organic Matter

A
  1. Anoxic environment tends to preserve Organic mater while Oxic tends to destroy Organic Matter
  2. Fine-grained sediments more favorable than coarse grained sediments
    7.Favorable Conditions found in continental shelfs of quiet waters such as lagoons, estuaries and deep basins with restricted circulation
124
Q

In terrestrial Environment the free access to air and presence of moisture allows _____________________, hence a breakdown and destruction of Organic Matter

A

Growth and Action of Bacteria

125
Q

In aquatic environments deposition of fine-grained sediments limits access of ______________.

A

Oxygen

126
Q

______________ activity stops when oxygen is exhausted

A

Aerobic bacteria

127
Q

Almost all Organic Matter is preserved and fossilized in sediments associated with _____________

A

Aquatic Sediments

128
Q

Which Type/s of Kerogen is Hydrogen- Rich?

A

Type I and Type II

129
Q

Which Type/s of Kerogen is Hydrogen- Poor?

A

Type III

130
Q

Occurs at shallow depths - first tens or hundreds of meters and low temperatures

A

Diagenesis

131
Q

Microbial activity and compaction predominate transformation starts with _____________, _____________ and _____________

A
  1. Biochemical Degradation
    2.Polycondensation
  2. Insolubilization
132
Q

Most important Stage in the Evolution of Organic Matter?

A

Diagenesis

133
Q

It is during this stage that composition of kerogen and geochemical fossil is determined

A

Diagenesis

134
Q

____________ during diagenesis is fundamental in transforming plant debris into a product capable of producing oil

A

Microbial Action

135
Q

process starts with Continuous burial and Organic Matter is exposed to increasing temperatures

A

Catagenesis

136
Q

Stage where Microbial Activity Ceases

A

Catagenesis

137
Q

It is during this stage that oil, wet gas and methane is produced

A

Catagenesis

138
Q

Principal zone of oil and gas formation

A

Catagenesis

139
Q

A result of continuation of burial and heating

A

Metagenesis

140
Q

occurs at great depths - usually greater than 15,000 ft. (4,600m)

A

Metagenesis

141
Q

In the Metagenesis the Kerogen starts to ______________

A

Crystallize

142
Q

In metagenesis coal transform to __________

A

Anthracite

143
Q

In metagenesis the sediments where buried for a long time which range from _____________

A

200 to 400 million years

144
Q

Production of methane from kerogen or “cracking” of hydrocarbon occurs at this stage

A

Metagenesis

145
Q

This stage is of no interest to petroleum geology

A

Metagenesis

146
Q

Refers to the extent of time - temperature driven reactions that convert sedimentary organic matter (source rock) into oil, wet gas and pyrobitumen

A

Thermal Maturity

147
Q

The reflectivity of the coal associated with the source rock is analyzed

A

Vitrine Reflectance

148
Q

Most Common method used to determine thermal maturity

A

Vitrine Reflectance

149
Q

Alteration of coal associated with the source rock

A

Thermal Alteration Index

150
Q

Percentage for Poor Organic Richness of Shale

A

<0.5

151
Q

Percentage for Poor Organic Richness of Carbonate

A

<0.25

152
Q

Percentage for Fair Organic Richness of Shale

A

0.5 - 1.0

153
Q

Percentage for Fair Organic Richness of Carbonate

A

0.25 - 0.50

154
Q

Percentage for Good Organic Richness for shale

A

1.0 - 2.0

155
Q

Percentage for Good Organic Richness for Carbonate

A

0.5 - 1.0

156
Q

Percentage for Very Good Organic Richness for Shale

A

2.0 - 4.0

157
Q

Percentage for Very Good Organic Richness for Carbonate

A

1.0 - 2.0

158
Q

Percentage for Excellent Organic Richness for Shale

A

4.0 +

159
Q

Percentage for Excellent Organic Richness for Carbonate

A

2.0+

160
Q

Particle Size: Siltstone
Average Weight Of Organic Matter: ______________

A

1.79%

161
Q

Particle Size: Clay (2 - 4 microns)
Average Weight Of Organic Matter: ______________

A

2.08%

162
Q

Particle Size: Clay (less than 2 microns)
Average Weight Of Organic Matter: ______________

A

6.50%

163
Q

What are the Major Source Rocks?

A
  1. Shale
  2. Carbonate
  3. Marl
  4. Coal
164
Q

Source Rock : Shale
% of Worlds Petroleum Occurrence Source Rock:
________________

A

65%

165
Q

Source Rock : Carbonate
% of Worlds Petroleum Occurrence Source Rock:
________________

A

21%

166
Q

Source Rock : Marl
% of Worlds Petroleum Occurrence Source Rock:
________________

A

12%

167
Q

Source Rock : Coal
% of Worlds Petroleum Occurrence Source Rock:
________________

A

2%

168
Q

Process responsible for organic matter produced

A

Photosynthesis

169
Q

Only about ______ % of the organic produced has been preserved

A

0.1%

170
Q

At shallow depths and low temperatures, microbial activity breaks the Organic Matter producing methane gas and hydrogen sulfide in a process called ______________

A

Diagenesis

171
Q

Continued burial and increase in temperature causes cessation of biological activity and onset of thermally - driven activities in a process called ___________

A

Catagenesis

172
Q

With further burial and heating of the source rocks, oil and gas (wet) “cracks” to methane (dry gas) in a process called ___________

A

Metagenesis

173
Q

3 Geochemical Requirements to be an Effective Source Rock

A
  1. Quantity or Amount of Organic Matter
  2. An Attained Level of Maturity
  3. Certain Quality or Type of Organic Matter
174
Q

Once the source rocks have been sufficiently ‘cooked’ hydrocarbons will be generated and migrated to areas of ___________

A

lower pressure or updip

175
Q

The expulsion of generated hydrocarbons from the source rocks to the carrier bed or reservoir rock

A

Migration

176
Q

Movements of the expelled hydrocarbons from the source rock to carrier bed.

A

Primary Migration

177
Q

It is within non - reservoir rocks and takes the longest time

A

Primary Migration

178
Q

Movement from carrier bed to the reservoir

A

Secondary Migration

179
Q

Movement from one reservoir to another

A

Tertiary Migration

180
Q

HCl is injected, dissolving the cement of the reservoir

A

Acidation

181
Q

Liquid with sand is driven into the reservoir under high temperature

A

Fracturing

182
Q

Rocks that are porous and permeable that can store hydrocarbons coming from the source rocks

A

Reservoir Rock

183
Q

Why must reservoir rocks be permeable?

A

the reservoir rock must also be permeable so that the hydrocarbons can flow to the surface during production

184
Q

Most Common Types of Reservoir Rocks

A

1.Sandstone
2. Limestone
3. Others

185
Q

Reservoir Rocks : Sandstone
% World’s Oil Reserve: ________

A

60%

186
Q

Reservoir Rocks : Limestone
% World’s Oil Reserve: ________

A

39%

187
Q

Reservoir Rocks : Others
% World’s Oil Reserve: ________

A

1%

188
Q

Most important Reservoir Rock

A

Sandstone Reservoir

189
Q

Majority of grains must be hard, stable, insoluble, w/o crystal characteristic

A

Sandstone Reservoir

190
Q

Contain quartz as an important constituent

A

Sandstone Reservoir

191
Q

Quality of sandstone as initially deposited depends on __________, ____________, __________

A
  1. Source area
  2. Depositional Process
  3. The environment of deposition
192
Q

3 principal types of Sand Reservoir according to initial composition:

A
  1. High - Quartz Sands
  2. Arkoses
  3. Greywackes
193
Q

Dominated by detrital quartz

A

High- Quartz Sands

194
Q

Containing significant quantities of unweathered feldspar

A

Arkoses

195
Q

High content of rock fragments or clay matrix

A

Greywackes

196
Q

Provenance of High Quartz Sands

A
  1. Cratonic interior of low relief where sands are derived from basement or older sedimentary rocks
  2. Tectonically quiescent continental margin
  3. Newly risen fold thrust belts
197
Q

Provenance of Feldspathic or Arkosic Sandstones

A
  1. Uplifted granitic or gneissic basement
  2. Intrusive rocks in interior basins
  3. Rift zones with rapid erosion
198
Q

Provenance of Greywackes

A

Magmatic Arc Terranes

199
Q

The Depositional Environment of Sandstone Reservoir

A
  1. Terrestrial (aeolian or dune sands)
  2. Fluvial (River Deposits)
  3. Deltaic
  4. Coastal
  5. Deep Marine (Turbidites)
200
Q

Major Sandstone Reservoirs are

A

Deltaic Distributary mouth bar and channel sands

201
Q

Limestone and Dolomite covers _____% of world oil reserves

A

40%

202
Q

Limestone and Dolomite covers _____% of world gas reserves

A

30%

203
Q

Environment for Carbonate Reservoir

A
  • Shallow
    -Tropical
    -Marine Water
204
Q

Factors Controlling Carbonate Sedimentation

A
  • Warmth
  • Light
  • Water Movement
205
Q

Non- skeletal Components of Carbonate Reservoir

A
  1. Lime Muds
  2. Coated Grains
  3. Fecal Pellet
  4. Lumps
  5. Detrital Grains
206
Q

textural designation for all carbonate sediments of essentially clay – particle grain size

A

Lime Muds

207
Q

May be directly organic or wholly detrital and By accumulation of the remains of microscopic organisms

A

Lime Muds

208
Q

Formed by deposition of CaCO3 around any nucleus

A

Coated grains

209
Q

Formed by worms ingesting lime mud to feed on its content of organic matter

A

Fecal Pellet

210
Q

Aggregation of grains

A

Lumps

211
Q

May be abraded or redeposited

A

Detrital Grains

212
Q

2 type of Carbonate Depositional Model

A
  1. Carbonate Shelf Model
  2. Carbonate Ramp Model
213
Q

Commonest model deposited on the flanks of cratonic mass, continental margin, or other tectonic or depositional features

A

Carbonate Shelf Model

214
Q

Carbonate Depositional model where Carbonates are Deposited in very shallow marine water

A

Carbonate Shelf Model

215
Q

Where sediment production exceeds subsidence rate, carbonate sediments accumulate up to approximate sea level

A

Carbonate Shelf Model

216
Q

Model with No prominent break in slope

A

Carbonate Ramp Model

217
Q

Model in which Facies belt tends to be broader

A

Carbonate Ramp Model

218
Q

Represent the earliest depositional stage in the development of a typical carbonate shelf model

A

Carbonate Ramp Model

219
Q

4 types of carbonate Platforms

A
  1. Carbonate Ramp
  2. Rimmed Carbonate Shelves
  3. Isolated Platform (Bahama Type)
  4. Drowned Platform
220
Q

Homoclinal ramps and Distally Steepened ramps

A

Carbonate Ramp

221
Q

Depositional or Accretionary Shelves in bypass margins or erosional margins

A

Rimmed Carbonate Shelves

222
Q

The Nonmarine settings of Carbonate Reservoir

A

1.Carbonates are traditionally considered as marine
2.Indicate deposition in continental setting
3.It has a stratigraphic and Diagenetic Implications
4.Lacustrine carbonates are important source rocks

223
Q

Types of Non Marine Setting of Carbonates

A
  1. Lacustrine
  2. Carbonate Dunes
  3. Caliche
  4. Cave Deposits
224
Q

Commonly deposited in freshwater lakes and in Varying area and depth

A

Lacustrine

225
Q

3 Types of Lacustrine Lithofacies

A
  1. Profundal Facies
  2. Littoral Carbonates
  3. Fresh water Marl
226
Q

Mostly varved lime muds and terrestrial clays occupying lake centers and is rich source rock for oil

A

Profundal Facies

227
Q

Fringe the lake, lower amounts of clays, higher proportion of skeletal carbonate debris

A

Littoral Carbonates

228
Q

Formed in shallow lakes and marshes

A

Freshwater Marl

229
Q

Carbonate Dunes are

A
  1. Composed of carbonate grains
  2. Onshore winds transport the carbonate grains
  3. No particular grain type since wind transports whatever sediments are available
  4. May be composed of ooids, pellets, foraminifera, etc…
  5. Terrestrial Fossils are useful indicators
  6. Cross- bedding dipping landward indicates eolian origin
230
Q

Forms in semi – arid to arid alkaline soil zones by reprecipitation of low Mg calcium carbonate and occurs as vertically zoned profiles

A

Caliche

231
Q

Caliche contain 4 rock types which are

A
  1. Compact crust or hardpan
  2. Platy or Sheetlike
  3. Nodular- Crumbly
  4. Massive – Chalky
232
Q

Indicators of substantial sea – level drop or tectonic uplift, exposure and action of vadose and phreatic processes on carbonate rocks

A

Cave Deposits

233
Q

Highest storm tides and 5m below low tide level

A

Limits

234
Q

In Coastal Settings Deposits can form in: ________, _______, _______

A

o Beaches along the windward edges of reefs
o Narrow thin beaches or tidal flats
o Protected shelf lagoons

235
Q

Covers the largest area of modern carbonate deposition

A

Shelf Setting

236
Q

Contains the greatest volume of ancient carbonate sediments

A

Shelf Setting

237
Q

Lithologic unit which significantly impedes the flow of hydrocarbons, specifically a rock that has pore throats too small and poorly connected to allow the passage of hydrocarbons

A

Seal or Cap Rocks

238
Q

What are the Major Types of Seals

A
  1. Shales
  2. Evaporites
  3. Carbonates
239
Q

Seal/ Cap Rock: Shales
% In Worlds Petroleum Occurrence Seal: _________

A

65%

240
Q

Seal/ Cap Rock: Evaporites
% In Worlds Petroleum Occurrence Seal: _________

A

33%

241
Q

Seal/ Cap Rock: Carbonates
% In Worlds Petroleum Occurrence Seal: _________

A

2%

242
Q

Enumerate the Seal Lithologies from most ductile to least Ductile

A
  1. Salt
  2. Anhydrite
    3.Kerogen - rich shales
  3. Silty Shales
  4. Carbonate Mudstone
  5. Cherts
243
Q

It is a configuration of a rock body that constrains the movement of the fluid in the reservoir

A

Trap

244
Q

Types of Traps

A
  1. Structural
  2. Stratigraphic
  3. Combination
245
Q

Example of Structural Traps

A

1.Anticlines
2. Fault
3. Salt Diapirs or Salt Domes

246
Q

Examples of Stratigraphic Traps

A
  1. Unconformities
  2. Lens trap
  3. Reef Trap
247
Q

7 Major Types of Traps

A
  1. Anticline
  2. Faults
    3.Salt Diapirs
  3. Unconformities
  4. Reefs
  5. Other Stratigraphies
  6. Combination
248
Q

Trap Type: Anticlines
% In Worlds Petroleum Occurrence Trap: _________

A

75%

249
Q

Trap Type: Faults
% In Worlds Petroleum Occurrence Trap: _________

A

1%

250
Q

Trap Type: Salt Diapirs
% In Worlds Petroleum Occurrence Trap: _________

A

2%

251
Q

Trap Type: Unconformities
% In Worlds Petroleum Occurrence Trap: _________

A

3%

252
Q

Trap Type: Reefs
% In Worlds Petroleum Occurrence Trap: _________

A

3%

253
Q

Trap Type: Other Stratigraphies
% In Worlds Petroleum Occurrence Trap: _________

A

7 %

254
Q

Trap Type: Combination
% In Worlds Petroleum Occurrence Trap: _________

A

9%

255
Q

The trap must have been formed before or during the migration of the hydrocarbons

A

Timing

256
Q

Once trapped, the hydrocarbons can be further migrate (tertiary migration) or be altered chemically (biodegraded)

A

Retention

257
Q

Tertiary migration will ____________

A

drain the oil field

258
Q

biodegradation will __________

A

destroy the quality of the oil

259
Q

The presence of only one fracture 0.35 mm (0.0014 in.) wide above a 152 m. (500 ft.) oil column can leak off around ______________ in 1000 years

A

150 million barrels

260
Q

Rocks with reservoir – qualities that abut the reservoir

A

Thief Beds

261
Q

When tilted, they will drain the reservoir of the hydrocarbons.

A

Thief Beds

262
Q

Are Faults Helpful in Petroleum Trapment?

A

Faults either aid in the entrapment of hydrocarbons or cause leakage from the trap

263
Q

Why is Biodegradation bad?

A

Through time, meteoric liquids (usually water) is introduced into the reservoir. It carries bacteria and degrades the oil into a heavy one. Heavy type oils are difficult to produce or sometimes cannot be produced

264
Q

Source rocks rich in organic content that must be buried deep enough in the basin so that the temperature will be sufficient to transform the organic matter into petroleum in a process called ___________

A

Maturation

265
Q

3 Different Techniques For Reserves Estimation

A

o By analogy
o By volumetrics method
o By Performance

266
Q

Volumetric method include

A

o Reservoir rock volume
o Average Porosity
o Fluid Saturation

267
Q

Is the process where in usable petroleum is extracted and removed from the earth

A

Petroleum Extraction

268
Q

5 Stages for Petroleum Extraction

A
  1. Prospecting
  2. Drilling
  3. Production
  4. Transportation
  5. Refining
269
Q

in this Stage Geologists use seismic surveys to search for geological structures that may form oil reservoirs

A

prospecting

270
Q

Five Elements that must be present for an oil and gas prospect to be successful

A
  1. Source Rocks
  2. Migration
  3. Traps
  4. Reservoir Rocks
  5. Seal Rocks
271
Q

a deviation from whatever trend is normal

A

Anomaly

272
Q

is an anomaly that can developed to be a prospect with additional data

A

Lead

273
Q

is an anomaly that can be defined with existing data and meets a set of criteria requisites for commercial accumulation of hydrocarbons

A

Prospect

274
Q

Explain How Drilling is Done

A

o A drilling rig is used to identify and drill into geologic reservoirs
o The oil well is created by drilling a long hole into the earth. A steel pipe is placed in the hole to provide structural integrity. Holes are then made in the base of the wall to enable oil to pass into the bore.
o Primarily in onshore oil and gas fields, once a well has been drilled, the drilling rig will be moved off of the well and a service rig built for completions will take its place.
o Finally, a collection of valves called a Christmas tree is fitted into the top. These regulate pressures and control flow

275
Q

a collection of valves called a ________ is fitted into the top. These regulate pressures and control flow

A

Christmas Tree

276
Q

__________ is utilized to bring petroleum oil hydrocarbons to the surface

A

Oil Well

277
Q

___________ is used to mechanically lift fluid out of the well if not enough bottom hole pressure exists for the liquid to flow all the way to the surface

A

Pumpjack

278
Q

A well that is designed to produced mainly or only gas may be called a ____________

A

Gas well

279
Q

The Most Important Stage of Well’s Life

A

Production stage

280
Q

Stage in which Petroleum is transported in rail cars, trucks, tanker vessels and through pipelines

A

Transportation stage

281
Q

The Finals Stage in which petroleum is refined from its natural stage

A

Refining

282
Q

Variations in the usage of different boiling points used to separate petroleum in different components require the heating of the petroleum to _______________ by pumping it through a furnace

A

600 degrees Celsius

283
Q

Resulting Products After Refining

A
  1. Liquid Petroleum Gas
    2.Gasoline
  2. Naphtha
  3. Kerosene
  4. Diesel Fuel
  5. Fuel Oils
  6. Lubricating Oils
  7. Paraffin Wax
  8. Bitumen
  9. Petroleum Coke
284
Q

Organic rock which mostly consist of macerals (carbonaceous materials evolved from various botanical components of initial vegetative debris during coalification)

A

Coal

285
Q

the altered remains of originally lush vegetation which existed at various intervals from 50 to 350 million years ago

A

Coal

286
Q

Chemical Formula of Coal

A

C135 H96 O9 N S

287
Q

Types Of Coal

A
  1. peat
  2. Brown Coal
  3. Sub Bituminous Coal
  4. Bituminous Coal
  5. Anthracite
288
Q

Estimated Coal Resource Potential in the Philippines

A

2,370 Million Metric Tons

289
Q

Estimated mineable Coal reserve

A

200 Million Metric Tons

290
Q

More than 40% of mineable Coal reserve is estimated to be in the __________________

A

Semirara Island

291
Q

___________________ compromises 15% of the total mineable Coal reserve

A

South Mindoro, Sibuguey Peninsula and Samar - Leyte Area

292
Q

Over ______% comprises lowered heating valve (9,000 But/lb)

A

70%

293
Q

Structural formation in most known coal areas have dips ranging _________ to __________

A

15 degrees to 90 degrees

294
Q

6 Major Coal Blocks

A
  1. Eastern Mindanao
  2. Western Mindanao
  3. Luzon Block
  4. Visayas Basin
  5. Eastern Seaboards
  6. Western Seaboards

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