PETROLEUM GEOLOGY AND COAL Flashcards by Janielle Kaye Marie Benito

Include both the depression and the sediment

Basin

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A complex Igneous and Metamorphic rocks in continental areas

Basement

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Negative relief with respect to their surroundings

Basement

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Areas that receive a normal veneer of sediment over the basement

Platforms or Shelves

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Neutral Relief

Platforms or Shelves

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Receive thinner than average sediment

Arches

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Persistent regional positive relief

Arches

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Type of Basin that has Moderate to high Geothermal gradient

Backarc Basin

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Type of Basin that is Typified by Volcano-clastic reservoirs

Backarc Basin

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Type of Basin with Limited hydrocarbon potential

Forearc Basin

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Type of Basin that has Low geothermal gradient

Forearc Basin

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Type of Basin which has a Scarcity of good clastic reservoir

Forearc Basin

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Type of Basin which has Insufficient trap size

Rift basin

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Type of Basin which has a High geothermal gradient

Rift Basin

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Type of Basin which has an Inadequate development of source rocks

Rift Basin

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5 Backarc Basins in the Philippines

Visayan Basin
Southeast Luzon Basin
Cagayan Basin
Cotabato Basin
Sulu Sea Basin

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7 Forearc Basins in the Philippines

Ilocos Trough
Central Luzon Basin
West Luzon Basin
West Masbate-Iloilo Basin
Agusan - Davao Basin
Bicol Shelf
East Palawan Basin

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4 Rift Basins in the Philippines

Northwest Palawan Basin
Mindoro - Cuyo Platform
Southwest Palawan Basin
Reed Bank Basin

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Crust Type Basin Classification

Continental Crust
Intermediate Crust

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Tectonic Setting Basin Classification

Extension (Cratonic)
Compression (Cratonic)
Divergent Margins
Convergent Margins

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Basin Type Basin Classification

1.Interior
2.Foreland
3.Rift - Tertiary Delta
4.Pull-Apart - Tertiary Delta
5.Downwarp (Open, Closed, Trough) - Tertiary Delta
6.Fore-arc - Tertiary Delta
7.Back-arc - Tertiary Delta
8.Non-arc - Tertiary Delta
9. Collision - Tertiary Delta

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What are the 4 parts of Sedimentary Basin?

Basin
Basement
Platforms or Shelves
Arches

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First 4 definition of Geometry Basin?

Vary widely both in size and shape
At least 1000sq. kms
2 -10 kms in sediment thickness
Vary in shapes (circular, elliptical, rectangular)

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Last 3 definition of Geometry Basin?

Some are embayments that open out into larger basins and lack closure
Basin is not always thickest at its depocenter (Sometimes)
Carbonate basin deposition takes place along shallow shelf basin (Sometimes)

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Tectonic Settings of Sedimentary Basin

1. Convergent Margin 2. Divergent Margin

Deals with the study of origin, occurrence, movement, accumulation and exploration of hydrocarbon fuels

Petroleum Geology

Petroleum Geology deals with what subdiscipline/s of Science?

1. Chemistry 2. Physics 3. Biology

Deals with the mineralogical composition of rocks and pore fluid

Chemistry/ Geochemistry

Deals with structures involved in trapping and data gathering in wells

Physics / Geophysics

Deals with the transformation of plants and animals into hydrocarbons and fossil in life

Biology

essentially made up hydrocarbon compounds

Petroleum

Petroleum comes from words _______________

"Petra" means rock "Oleum" means oil

Petroleum on normal temperature condition forms in liquid form is called

Crude Oil

Petroleum on normal temperature condition forms in Gas form is called

Natural Gas

Petroleum on normal temperature condition forms in Solid Form is/ are called

Tar and Bitumen

Petroleum Color Varies from

Green, Yellow, Black, Brown

Petroleum with a low/ little Sulfur content is called

Sweet Crude Oil

Petroleum with a High Sulfur Content is called

Sour Crude Oil

% of Carbon in petroleum

83 to 85

% of Hydrocarbon in Petroleum

10 to 14

% of Nitrogen in Petroleum

0.1 to 2

% of Oxygen in Petroleum

0.05 to 1.5

% of Sulfur in Petroleum

0.05 to 6

% Metals in Petroleum

<0.1

Hydrocarbon were derived from the geochemical conversion of organic matter and material in time through the agents of temperature and pressure.

Organic Theory

Stage 1 of the Organic Theory is the _______________________

Deposition of plants and animal remains

Stage 2 of the Organic Theory is the ______________________

Burial, Pressure and Temperature Changes (Hydrocarbon maturity)

Stage 3 of the Organic Theory is the _____________________

Migration: controlled by the lithology and structure

Stage 4 of the Organic Theory is the ____________________

Entrapment (Timing) and Accumulation in the reservoir rock (Porous and Permeable)

A concept that encompasses all of the disparate elements and processes of petroleum geology

Petroleum System

6 Elements of Petroleum System

1. Source Rocks 2. Migration 3. Reservoir Rocks 4. Cap Rocks / Seals 5. Trap 6. Timing

Sedimentary rock containing organic material, which under heat, time and pressure was transformed to liquid or gaseous hydrocarbons

Source Rock

Movement of generated hydrocarbons from the source rock to the reservoir rock in a trap through conduits

Migration

Any rock that has a sufficient porosity and permeability to permit storage and accumulation of crude oil or gas

Reservoir Rocks

Examples of Source Rocks

Shale, Marl, Carbonates

Examples of Reservoir Rocks

Sandstone, Limestone, Dolomite, Fractured Rocks

An impervious or impermeable bed capping the reservoir rocks in a trap

Cap Rocks / Seals

Examples of Cap Rocks/ Seals

Chalks, Shale, Clays

Any barrier to upward movement of oil and gas allowing either or both to accumulate

Trap

Relationship between the time of trap formation and time of hydrocarbon generation and migration

Timing

It is a rock capable of generating oil and gas

Source Rock

Requirements to be a Source Rock

1. Rich in Organic Content (Organic Matter) 2. Matured Enough to expel the oil and Gas

Source Rock must be a ________________

Sedimentary Rock

Refers solely to material composed of organic molecules in monomeric or polymeric from derived directly or indirectly from the organic part of organisms

Organic Matter

Basic Process that accomplishes the mass production of organic matter on earth

Photosynthesis

Converts light energy to chemical energy by the transfer of hydrogen from water to carbon dioxide to produce organic matter in the form of glucose and oxygen

Photosynthesis

The primary producer of Organic Matter from Pre-Cambrian to Devonian

Marine Phytoplankton

The increasing amount of primary production of Organic Matter from Devonian onwards comes from __________________

Terrestrial Sources

What are the 4 most important contributors of Organic Matter in Sediments?

1. Phytoplanktons 2. Zooplanktons 3. Higher Plants 4. Bacteria

What are needed for the production of Organic Matter?

1. Controlled by light, temperature and chemical composition of sea water. 2. Large part of biological production is concentrated in the upper 60 to 80 meters of the water column 3. Productivity of coastal waters 2X as that of open seas. Most productive are areas with water upwelling

It is the organic material in sedimentary rocks which is insoluble in ordinary organic solvents

Kerogen

Formed primarily from carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur

Kerogen

It is the organic material in sedimentary rocks which is soluble in ordinary organic solvents

Bitumen

It is the oil - like part of Organic Matter which is mobile

Bitumen

It is a product the partial conversion of kerogen as a result of rising temperature and passing time

Bitumen

It has a lower molecular weight compared to kerogen

Bitumen

_______________ is the most important to the petroleum geologist

Kerogen

Kerogens are typed based on their _____________________

Hydrogen, Carbon and Oxygen Content

Consist mainly of waxy and cuticular material rich in lipids

Type I. Algal Kerogen or Alginite

What are the Types of Kerogen?

Type I. Algal kerogen or alginite Type II. Formed from lipid components or exinite Type III. Woody Kerogen or vitrinite Type IV. Eroded or reworked Organic Matter or Inertinite

Derived largely from algal material or from OM enriched in lipids due to microbial alteration

Type I. Algal Kerogen or Alginite

Represents the smallest volume of preserved OM but generates the most oil for a given volume of kerogen

Type I. Algag Kerogen or Alginite

In type I Kerogen _________ will be generated

Oil

Derived not only from algae but also other organisms like bacteria, phytoplankton, zooplankton and minor amounts of terrigenous OM like spores and pollen

Type II. Formed from lipid components or exinite

More abundant than Type I but generated a large volume of the world’s oil and gas deposits

Type II. Formed from lipid components or exinite

In type II Kerogen _____________ will be generated

Oil and Gas

Contains few, if any, ester groups or aliphatic chains

Type III. Woody kerogen or vitrinite

Derived from terrestrial higher plants and their parts including wood, cellulose, lignin, vitrine and huminite

Type III. Woody kerogen or vitrinite

Type III. Kerogen can be found along ________________ where there is a rapid deposition

Continental Margins

In type III Kerogen ______________ will be generated

Gas

What type of Kerogen is coal considered?

Type III. Woody kerogen or vitrinite

Contain highly oxidized inertinitic material

Type IV. Eroded or Reworked Organic Matter or Inertinite

Result of either oxidation of Organic Matter during deposition or degradation due to diagenetic transformation

Type IV. Eroded or Reworked Organic Matter or Inertinite

In type IV kerogen only gas can be generated but only during the ______________________

Later Stage of Maturity

Maceral: Alginite Kerogen Type: I Original Organic Matter: ______________

Fresh Water Algae

Maceral: ________________ Kerogen Type: I Original Organic Matter: Freshwater algae

Alginite

Maceral: Alginite Kerogen Type: ______________ Original Organic Matter: Freshwater Algae

Type I

Maceral: _________________ Kerogen Type: II Original Organic Matter: Pollen, Spores

Exinite

Maceral: Exinite Kerogen Type: ______________ Original Organic Matter: Pollen, Spores

Type II

Maceral: Exinite Kerogen Type: II Original Organic Matter: _______________

Pollen, Spores

Maceral: ______________ Kerogen Type: II Original Organic Matter: Land - Plant Cuticle

Cutinite

Maceral: Cutinite Kerogen Type: ____________ Original Organic Matter: Land - Plant Cuticle

Type II

Maceral: Cutinite Kerogen Type: II Original Organic Matter: __________________

Land - Plant Cuticle

Maceral:__________ Kerogen Type: II Original Organic Matter: Land Plant Resins

Resinite

Maceral: Resinite Kerogen Type: ___________ Original Organic Matter: Land Plant Resins

Type II

Maceral: Resinite Kerogen Type: II Original Organic Matter: ________________

Land Plant Resins

Maceral: ______________ Kerogen Type: II Original Organic Matter: All Land Plant Lipids; Marine Algae

Liptinite

Maceral: Liptinite Kerogen Type: __________ Original Organic Matter: All Land Plant Lipids; Marine Algae

Type II

Maceral: Liptinite Kerogen Type: II Original Organic Matter: ________________

All Land Plant Lipids; Marine Algae

Maceral: ______________ Kerogen Type: III Original Organic Matter: Woody and Cellulosic material from land plants

Vitrinite

Maceral: Vitrinite Kerogen Type: _____________ Original Organic Matter: Woody and Cellulosic material from land plants

Type III

Maceral: Vitrinite Kerogen Type: III Original Organic Matter: ____________________

Woody and Cellulosic material from land plants

Maceral: _________________ Kerogen Type: IV Original Organic Matter: Charcoal; highly oxidized or reworked material of any origin

Inertinite

Maceral: Inertinite Kerogen Type: ____________ Original Organic Matter: Charcoal; highly oxidized or reworked material of any origin

Type IV

Maceral: Inertinite Kerogen Type: IV Original Organic Matter: ___________________________

Charcoal; highly oxidized or reworked material of any origin

What are the 3 Main Stages of the Evolution of Organic Matter

1. Diagenesis 2. Catagenesis 3. Metagenesis

What type of petroleum is prone in Terrestrial Sources?

Gas Prone

What type of petroleum is prone in Marine Sources?

Oil Prone

Ultimate Source or all organic matter was originally __________________

Atmospheric CO2 (Carbon Dioxide)

Lays the foundation for the evolution of higher forms of life

Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis emerged as a worldwide phenomenon during _______________

Pre-Cambrian

First 4 Statements in the Accumulation and Preservation of Organic Matter

1. Practically Restricted to an Aquatic Environment 2. Balanced between energy level and sedimentation rate are needed to concentrate and preserve Organic Matter in sediments 3.Too high Energy Level causes erosion and high sedimentation rate 4. Too low Energy Level, very little sediment supplied bury the organic Matter

Last 3 statements in the Accumulation and Preservation of Organic Matter

5. Anoxic environment tends to preserve Organic mater while Oxic tends to destroy Organic Matter 6. Fine-grained sediments more favorable than coarse grained sediments 7.Favorable Conditions found in continental shelfs of quiet waters such as lagoons, estuaries and deep basins with restricted circulation

In terrestrial Environment the free access to air and presence of moisture allows _____________________, hence a breakdown and destruction of Organic Matter

Growth and Action of Bacteria

In aquatic environments deposition of fine-grained sediments limits access of ______________.

Oxygen

______________ activity stops when oxygen is exhausted

Aerobic bacteria

Almost all Organic Matter is preserved and fossilized in sediments associated with _____________

Aquatic Sediments

Which Type/s of Kerogen is Hydrogen- Rich?

Type I and Type II

Which Type/s of Kerogen is Hydrogen- Poor?

Type III

Occurs at shallow depths - first tens or hundreds of meters and low temperatures

Diagenesis

Microbial activity and compaction predominate transformation starts with _____________, _____________ and _____________

1. Biochemical Degradation 2.Polycondensation 3. Insolubilization

Most important Stage in the Evolution of Organic Matter?

Diagenesis

It is during this stage that composition of kerogen and geochemical fossil is determined

Diagenesis

____________ during diagenesis is fundamental in transforming plant debris into a product capable of producing oil

Microbial Action

process starts with Continuous burial and Organic Matter is exposed to increasing temperatures

Catagenesis

Stage where Microbial Activity Ceases

Catagenesis

It is during this stage that oil, wet gas and methane is produced

Catagenesis

Principal zone of oil and gas formation

Catagenesis

A result of continuation of burial and heating

Metagenesis

occurs at great depths - usually greater than 15,000 ft. (4,600m)

Metagenesis

In the Metagenesis the Kerogen starts to ______________

Crystallize

In metagenesis coal transform to __________

Anthracite

In metagenesis the sediments where buried for a long time which range from _____________

200 to 400 million years

Production of methane from kerogen or "cracking" of hydrocarbon occurs at this stage

Metagenesis

This stage is of no interest to petroleum geology

Metagenesis

Refers to the extent of time - temperature driven reactions that convert sedimentary organic matter (source rock) into oil, wet gas and pyrobitumen

Thermal Maturity

The reflectivity of the coal associated with the source rock is analyzed

Vitrine Reflectance

Most Common method used to determine thermal maturity

Vitrine Reflectance

Alteration of coal associated with the source rock

Thermal Alteration Index

Percentage for Poor Organic Richness of Shale

<0.5

Percentage for Poor Organic Richness of Carbonate

<0.25

Percentage for Fair Organic Richness of Shale

0.5 - 1.0

Percentage for Fair Organic Richness of Carbonate

0.25 - 0.50

Percentage for Good Organic Richness for shale

1.0 - 2.0

Percentage for Good Organic Richness for Carbonate

0.5 - 1.0

Percentage for Very Good Organic Richness for Shale

2.0 - 4.0

Percentage for Very Good Organic Richness for Carbonate

1.0 - 2.0

Percentage for Excellent Organic Richness for Shale

4.0 +

Percentage for Excellent Organic Richness for Carbonate

2.0+

Particle Size: Siltstone Average Weight Of Organic Matter: ______________

1.79%

Particle Size: Clay (2 - 4 microns) Average Weight Of Organic Matter: ______________

2.08%

Particle Size: Clay (less than 2 microns) Average Weight Of Organic Matter: ______________

6.50%

What are the Major Source Rocks?

1. Shale 2. Carbonate 3. Marl 4. Coal

Source Rock : Shale % of Worlds Petroleum Occurrence Source Rock: ________________

65%

Source Rock : Carbonate % of Worlds Petroleum Occurrence Source Rock: ________________

21%

Source Rock : Marl % of Worlds Petroleum Occurrence Source Rock: ________________

12%

Source Rock : Coal % of Worlds Petroleum Occurrence Source Rock: ________________

Process responsible for organic matter produced

Photosynthesis

Only about ______ % of the organic produced has been preserved

0.1%

At shallow depths and low temperatures, microbial activity breaks the Organic Matter producing methane gas and hydrogen sulfide in a process called ______________

Diagenesis

Continued burial and increase in temperature causes cessation of biological activity and onset of thermally - driven activities in a process called ___________

Catagenesis

With further burial and heating of the source rocks, oil and gas (wet) "cracks" to methane (dry gas) in a process called ___________

Metagenesis

3 Geochemical Requirements to be an Effective Source Rock

1. Quantity or Amount of Organic Matter 2. An Attained Level of Maturity 3. Certain Quality or Type of Organic Matter

Once the source rocks have been sufficiently 'cooked' hydrocarbons will be generated and migrated to areas of ___________

lower pressure or updip

The expulsion of generated hydrocarbons from the source rocks to the carrier bed or reservoir rock

Migration

Movements of the expelled hydrocarbons from the source rock to carrier bed.

Primary Migration

It is within non - reservoir rocks and takes the longest time

Primary Migration

Movement from carrier bed to the reservoir

Secondary Migration

Movement from one reservoir to another

Tertiary Migration

HCl is injected, dissolving the cement of the reservoir

Acidation

Liquid with sand is driven into the reservoir under high temperature

Fracturing

Rocks that are porous and permeable that can store hydrocarbons coming from the source rocks

Reservoir Rock

Why must reservoir rocks be permeable?

the reservoir rock must also be permeable so that the hydrocarbons can flow to the surface during production

Most Common Types of Reservoir Rocks

1.Sandstone 2. Limestone 3. Others

Reservoir Rocks : Sandstone % World's Oil Reserve: ________

60%

Reservoir Rocks : Limestone % World's Oil Reserve: ________

39%

Reservoir Rocks : Others % World's Oil Reserve: ________

Most important Reservoir Rock

Sandstone Reservoir

Majority of grains must be hard, stable, insoluble, w/o crystal characteristic

Sandstone Reservoir

Contain quartz as an important constituent

Sandstone Reservoir

Quality of sandstone as initially deposited depends on __________, ____________, __________

1. Source area 2. Depositional Process 3. The environment of deposition

3 principal types of Sand Reservoir according to initial composition:

1. High - Quartz Sands 2. Arkoses 3. Greywackes

Dominated by detrital quartz

High- Quartz Sands

Containing significant quantities of unweathered feldspar

Arkoses

High content of rock fragments or clay matrix

Greywackes

Provenance of High Quartz Sands

1. Cratonic interior of low relief where sands are derived from basement or older sedimentary rocks 2. Tectonically quiescent continental margin 3. Newly risen fold thrust belts

Provenance of Feldspathic or Arkosic Sandstones

1. Uplifted granitic or gneissic basement 2. Intrusive rocks in interior basins 3. Rift zones with rapid erosion

Provenance of Greywackes

Magmatic Arc Terranes

The Depositional Environment of Sandstone Reservoir

1. Terrestrial (aeolian or dune sands) 2. Fluvial (River Deposits) 3. Deltaic 4. Coastal 5. Deep Marine (Turbidites)

Major Sandstone Reservoirs are

Deltaic Distributary mouth bar and channel sands

Limestone and Dolomite covers _____% of world oil reserves

40%

Limestone and Dolomite covers _____% of world gas reserves

30%

Environment for Carbonate Reservoir

- Shallow -Tropical -Marine Water

Factors Controlling Carbonate Sedimentation

- Warmth - Light - Water Movement

Non- skeletal Components of Carbonate Reservoir

1. Lime Muds 2. Coated Grains 3. Fecal Pellet 4. Lumps 5. Detrital Grains

textural designation for all carbonate sediments of essentially clay – particle grain size

Lime Muds

May be directly organic or wholly detrital and By accumulation of the remains of microscopic organisms

Lime Muds

Formed by deposition of CaCO3 around any nucleus

Coated grains

Formed by worms ingesting lime mud to feed on its content of organic matter

Fecal Pellet

Aggregation of grains

Lumps

May be abraded or redeposited

Detrital Grains

2 type of Carbonate Depositional Model

1. Carbonate Shelf Model 2. Carbonate Ramp Model

Commonest model deposited on the flanks of cratonic mass, continental margin, or other tectonic or depositional features

Carbonate Shelf Model

Carbonate Depositional model where Carbonates are Deposited in very shallow marine water

Carbonate Shelf Model

Where sediment production exceeds subsidence rate, carbonate sediments accumulate up to approximate sea level

Carbonate Shelf Model

Model with No prominent break in slope

Carbonate Ramp Model

Model in which Facies belt tends to be broader

Carbonate Ramp Model

Represent the earliest depositional stage in the development of a typical carbonate shelf model

Carbonate Ramp Model

4 types of carbonate Platforms

1. Carbonate Ramp 2. Rimmed Carbonate Shelves 3. Isolated Platform (Bahama Type) 4. Drowned Platform

Homoclinal ramps and Distally Steepened ramps

Carbonate Ramp

Depositional or Accretionary Shelves in bypass margins or erosional margins

Rimmed Carbonate Shelves

The Nonmarine settings of Carbonate Reservoir

1.Carbonates are traditionally considered as marine 2.Indicate deposition in continental setting 3.It has a stratigraphic and Diagenetic Implications 4.Lacustrine carbonates are important source rocks

Types of Non Marine Setting of Carbonates

1. Lacustrine 2. Carbonate Dunes 3. Caliche 4. Cave Deposits

Commonly deposited in freshwater lakes and in Varying area and depth

Lacustrine

3 Types of Lacustrine Lithofacies

1. Profundal Facies 2. Littoral Carbonates 3. Fresh water Marl

Mostly varved lime muds and terrestrial clays occupying lake centers and is rich source rock for oil

Profundal Facies

Fringe the lake, lower amounts of clays, higher proportion of skeletal carbonate debris

Littoral Carbonates

Formed in shallow lakes and marshes

Freshwater Marl

Carbonate Dunes are

1. Composed of carbonate grains 2. Onshore winds transport the carbonate grains 3. No particular grain type since wind transports whatever sediments are available 4. May be composed of ooids, pellets, foraminifera, etc… 5. Terrestrial Fossils are useful indicators 6. Cross- bedding dipping landward indicates eolian origin

Forms in semi – arid to arid alkaline soil zones by reprecipitation of low Mg calcium carbonate and occurs as vertically zoned profiles

Caliche

Caliche contain 4 rock types which are

1. Compact crust or hardpan 2. Platy or Sheetlike 3. Nodular- Crumbly 4. Massive – Chalky

Indicators of substantial sea – level drop or tectonic uplift, exposure and action of vadose and phreatic processes on carbonate rocks

Cave Deposits

Highest storm tides and 5m below low tide level

Limits

In Coastal Settings Deposits can form in: ________, _______, _______

o Beaches along the windward edges of reefs o Narrow thin beaches or tidal flats o Protected shelf lagoons

Covers the largest area of modern carbonate deposition

Shelf Setting

Contains the greatest volume of ancient carbonate sediments

Shelf Setting

Lithologic unit which significantly impedes the flow of hydrocarbons, specifically a rock that has pore throats too small and poorly connected to allow the passage of hydrocarbons

Seal or Cap Rocks

What are the Major Types of Seals

1. Shales 2. Evaporites 3. Carbonates

Seal/ Cap Rock: Shales % In Worlds Petroleum Occurrence Seal: _________

65%

Seal/ Cap Rock: Evaporites % In Worlds Petroleum Occurrence Seal: _________

33%

Seal/ Cap Rock: Carbonates % In Worlds Petroleum Occurrence Seal: _________

Enumerate the Seal Lithologies from most ductile to least Ductile

1. Salt 2. Anhydrite 3.Kerogen - rich shales 4. Silty Shales 5. Carbonate Mudstone 6. Cherts

It is a configuration of a rock body that constrains the movement of the fluid in the reservoir

Trap

Types of Traps

1. Structural 2. Stratigraphic 3. Combination

Example of Structural Traps

1.Anticlines 2. Fault 3. Salt Diapirs or Salt Domes

Examples of Stratigraphic Traps

1. Unconformities 2. Lens trap 3. Reef Trap

7 Major Types of Traps

1. Anticline 2. Faults 3.Salt Diapirs 4. Unconformities 5. Reefs 6. Other Stratigraphies 7. Combination

Trap Type: Anticlines % In Worlds Petroleum Occurrence Trap: _________

75%

Trap Type: Faults % In Worlds Petroleum Occurrence Trap: _________

Trap Type: Salt Diapirs % In Worlds Petroleum Occurrence Trap: _________

Trap Type: Unconformities % In Worlds Petroleum Occurrence Trap: _________

Trap Type: Reefs % In Worlds Petroleum Occurrence Trap: _________

Trap Type: Other Stratigraphies % In Worlds Petroleum Occurrence Trap: _________

7 %

Trap Type: Combination % In Worlds Petroleum Occurrence Trap: _________

The trap must have been formed before or during the migration of the hydrocarbons

Timing

Once trapped, the hydrocarbons can be further migrate (tertiary migration) or be altered chemically (biodegraded)

Retention

Tertiary migration will ____________

drain the oil field

biodegradation will __________

destroy the quality of the oil

The presence of only one fracture 0.35 mm (0.0014 in.) wide above a 152 m. (500 ft.) oil column can leak off around ______________ in 1000 years

150 million barrels

Rocks with reservoir – qualities that abut the reservoir

Thief Beds

When tilted, they will drain the reservoir of the hydrocarbons.

Thief Beds

Are Faults Helpful in Petroleum Trapment?

Faults either aid in the entrapment of hydrocarbons or cause leakage from the trap

Why is Biodegradation bad?

Through time, meteoric liquids (usually water) is introduced into the reservoir. It carries bacteria and degrades the oil into a heavy one. Heavy type oils are difficult to produce or sometimes cannot be produced

Source rocks rich in organic content that must be buried deep enough in the basin so that the temperature will be sufficient to transform the organic matter into petroleum in a process called ___________

Maturation

3 Different Techniques For Reserves Estimation

o By analogy o By volumetrics method o By Performance

Volumetric method include

o Reservoir rock volume o Average Porosity o Fluid Saturation

Is the process where in usable petroleum is extracted and removed from the earth

Petroleum Extraction

5 Stages for Petroleum Extraction

1. Prospecting 2. Drilling 3. Production 4. Transportation 5. Refining

in this Stage Geologists use seismic surveys to search for geological structures that may form oil reservoirs

prospecting

Five Elements that must be present for an oil and gas prospect to be successful

1. Source Rocks 2. Migration 3. Traps 4. Reservoir Rocks 5. Seal Rocks

a deviation from whatever trend is normal

Anomaly

is an anomaly that can developed to be a prospect with additional data

Lead

is an anomaly that can be defined with existing data and meets a set of criteria requisites for commercial accumulation of hydrocarbons

Prospect

Explain How Drilling is Done

o A drilling rig is used to identify and drill into geologic reservoirs o The oil well is created by drilling a long hole into the earth. A steel pipe is placed in the hole to provide structural integrity. Holes are then made in the base of the wall to enable oil to pass into the bore. o Primarily in onshore oil and gas fields, once a well has been drilled, the drilling rig will be moved off of the well and a service rig built for completions will take its place. o Finally, a collection of valves called a Christmas tree is fitted into the top. These regulate pressures and control flow

a collection of valves called a ________ is fitted into the top. These regulate pressures and control flow

Christmas Tree

__________ is utilized to bring petroleum oil hydrocarbons to the surface

Oil Well

___________ is used to mechanically lift fluid out of the well if not enough bottom hole pressure exists for the liquid to flow all the way to the surface

Pumpjack

A well that is designed to produced mainly or only gas may be called a ____________

Gas well

The Most Important Stage of Well's Life

Production stage

Stage in which Petroleum is transported in rail cars, trucks, tanker vessels and through pipelines

Transportation stage

The Finals Stage in which petroleum is refined from its natural stage

Refining

Variations in the usage of different boiling points used to separate petroleum in different components require the heating of the petroleum to _______________ by pumping it through a furnace

600 degrees Celsius

Resulting Products After Refining

1. Liquid Petroleum Gas 2.Gasoline 3. Naphtha 4. Kerosene 5. Diesel Fuel 6. Fuel Oils 7. Lubricating Oils 8. Paraffin Wax 9. Bitumen 10. Petroleum Coke

Organic rock which mostly consist of macerals (carbonaceous materials evolved from various botanical components of initial vegetative debris during coalification)

Coal

the altered remains of originally lush vegetation which existed at various intervals from 50 to 350 million years ago

Coal

Chemical Formula of Coal

C135 H96 O9 N S

Types Of Coal

1. peat 2. Brown Coal 3. Sub Bituminous Coal 4. Bituminous Coal 5. Anthracite

Estimated Coal Resource Potential in the Philippines

2,370 Million Metric Tons

Estimated mineable Coal reserve

200 Million Metric Tons

More than 40% of mineable Coal reserve is estimated to be in the __________________

Semirara Island

___________________ compromises 15% of the total mineable Coal reserve

South Mindoro, Sibuguey Peninsula and Samar - Leyte Area

Over ______% comprises lowered heating valve (9,000 But/lb)

70%

Structural formation in most known coal areas have dips ranging _________ to __________

15 degrees to 90 degrees

6 Major Coal Blocks

1. Eastern Mindanao 2. Western Mindanao 3. Luzon Block 4. Visayas Basin 5. Eastern Seaboards 6. Western Seaboards