PETROLEUM GEOLOGY AND COAL Flashcards
Include both the depression and the sediment
Basin
A complex Igneous and Metamorphic rocks in continental areas
Basement
Negative relief with respect to their surroundings
Basement
Areas that receive a normal veneer of sediment over the basement
Platforms or Shelves
Neutral Relief
Platforms or Shelves
Receive thinner than average sediment
Arches
Persistent regional positive relief
Arches
Type of Basin that has Moderate to high Geothermal gradient
Backarc Basin
Type of Basin that is Typified by Volcano-clastic reservoirs
Backarc Basin
Type of Basin with Limited hydrocarbon potential
Forearc Basin
Type of Basin that has Low geothermal gradient
Forearc Basin
Type of Basin which has a Scarcity of good clastic reservoir
Forearc Basin
Type of Basin which has Insufficient trap size
Rift basin
Type of Basin which has a High geothermal gradient
Rift Basin
Type of Basin which has an Inadequate development of source rocks
Rift Basin
5 Backarc Basins in the Philippines
- Visayan Basin
- Southeast Luzon Basin
- Cagayan Basin
- Cotabato Basin
- Sulu Sea Basin
7 Forearc Basins in the Philippines
- Ilocos Trough
- Central Luzon Basin
- West Luzon Basin
- West Masbate-Iloilo Basin
- Agusan - Davao Basin
- Bicol Shelf
- East Palawan Basin
4 Rift Basins in the Philippines
- Northwest Palawan Basin
- Mindoro - Cuyo Platform
- Southwest Palawan Basin
- Reed Bank Basin
Crust Type Basin Classification
- Continental Crust
- Intermediate Crust
Tectonic Setting Basin Classification
- Extension (Cratonic)
- Compression (Cratonic)
- Divergent Margins
- Convergent Margins
Basin Type Basin Classification
1.Interior
2.Foreland
3.Rift - Tertiary Delta
4.Pull-Apart - Tertiary Delta
5.Downwarp (Open, Closed, Trough) - Tertiary Delta
6.Fore-arc - Tertiary Delta
7.Back-arc - Tertiary Delta
8.Non-arc - Tertiary Delta
9. Collision - Tertiary Delta
What are the 4 parts of Sedimentary Basin?
- Basin
- Basement
- Platforms or Shelves
- Arches
First 4 definition of Geometry Basin?
- Vary widely both in size and shape
- At least 1000sq. kms
- 2 -10 kms in sediment thickness
- Vary in shapes (circular, elliptical, rectangular)
Last 3 definition of Geometry Basin?
- Some are embayments that open out into larger basins and lack closure
- Basin is not always thickest at its depocenter (Sometimes)
- Carbonate basin deposition takes place along shallow shelf basin (Sometimes)
Tectonic Settings of Sedimentary Basin
- Convergent Margin
- Divergent Margin
Deals with the study of origin, occurrence, movement, accumulation and exploration of hydrocarbon fuels
Petroleum Geology
Petroleum Geology deals with what subdiscipline/s of Science?
- Chemistry
- Physics
- Biology
Deals with the mineralogical composition of rocks and pore fluid
Chemistry/ Geochemistry
Deals with structures involved in trapping and data gathering in wells
Physics / Geophysics
Deals with the transformation of plants and animals into hydrocarbons and fossil in life
Biology
essentially made up hydrocarbon compounds
Petroleum
Petroleum comes from words _______________
“Petra” means rock
“Oleum” means oil
Petroleum on normal temperature condition forms in liquid form is called
Crude Oil
Petroleum on normal temperature condition forms in Gas form is called
Natural Gas
Petroleum on normal temperature condition forms in Solid Form is/ are called
Tar and Bitumen
Petroleum Color Varies from
Green, Yellow, Black, Brown
Petroleum with a low/ little Sulfur content is called
Sweet Crude Oil
Petroleum with a High Sulfur Content is called
Sour Crude Oil
% of Carbon in petroleum
83 to 85
% of Hydrocarbon in Petroleum
10 to 14
% of Nitrogen in Petroleum
0.1 to 2
% of Oxygen in Petroleum
0.05 to 1.5
% of Sulfur in Petroleum
0.05 to 6
% Metals in Petroleum
<0.1
Hydrocarbon were derived from the geochemical conversion of organic matter and material in time through the agents of temperature and pressure.
Organic Theory
Stage 1 of the Organic Theory is the _______________________
Deposition of plants and animal remains
Stage 2 of the Organic Theory is the ______________________
Burial, Pressure and Temperature Changes (Hydrocarbon maturity)
Stage 3 of the Organic Theory is the _____________________
Migration: controlled by the lithology and structure
Stage 4 of the Organic Theory is the ____________________
Entrapment (Timing) and Accumulation in the reservoir rock (Porous and Permeable)
A concept that encompasses all of the disparate elements and processes of petroleum geology
Petroleum System
6 Elements of Petroleum System
- Source Rocks
- Migration
- Reservoir Rocks
- Cap Rocks / Seals
- Trap
- Timing
Sedimentary rock containing organic material, which under heat, time and pressure was transformed to liquid or gaseous hydrocarbons
Source Rock
Movement of generated hydrocarbons from the source rock to the reservoir rock in a trap through conduits
Migration
Any rock that has a sufficient porosity and permeability to permit storage and accumulation of crude oil or gas
Reservoir Rocks
Examples of Source Rocks
Shale, Marl, Carbonates
Examples of Reservoir Rocks
Sandstone, Limestone, Dolomite, Fractured Rocks
An impervious or impermeable bed capping the reservoir rocks in a trap
Cap Rocks / Seals
Examples of Cap Rocks/ Seals
Chalks, Shale, Clays
Any barrier to upward movement of oil and gas allowing either or both to accumulate
Trap
Relationship between the time of trap formation and time of hydrocarbon generation and migration
Timing
It is a rock capable of generating oil and gas
Source Rock
Requirements to be a Source Rock
- Rich in Organic Content (Organic Matter)
- Matured Enough to expel the oil and Gas
Source Rock must be a ________________
Sedimentary Rock
Refers solely to material composed of organic molecules in monomeric or polymeric from derived directly or indirectly from the organic part of organisms
Organic Matter
Basic Process that accomplishes the mass production of organic matter on earth
Photosynthesis
Converts light energy to chemical energy by the transfer of hydrogen from water to carbon dioxide to produce organic matter in the form of glucose and oxygen
Photosynthesis
The primary producer of Organic Matter from Pre-Cambrian to Devonian
Marine Phytoplankton
The increasing amount of primary production of Organic Matter from Devonian onwards comes from __________________
Terrestrial Sources
What are the 4 most important contributors of Organic Matter in Sediments?
- Phytoplanktons
- Zooplanktons
- Higher Plants
- Bacteria
What are needed for the production of Organic Matter?
- Controlled by light, temperature and chemical composition of sea water.
- Large part of biological production is concentrated in the upper 60 to 80 meters of the water column
- Productivity of coastal waters 2X as that of open seas. Most productive are areas with water upwelling
It is the organic material in sedimentary rocks which is insoluble in ordinary organic solvents
Kerogen
Formed primarily from carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur
Kerogen
It is the organic material in sedimentary rocks which is soluble in ordinary organic solvents
Bitumen
It is the oil - like part of Organic Matter which is mobile
Bitumen
It is a product the partial conversion of kerogen as a result of rising temperature and passing time
Bitumen
It has a lower molecular weight compared to kerogen
Bitumen
_______________ is the most important to the petroleum geologist
Kerogen
Kerogens are typed based on their _____________________
Hydrogen, Carbon and Oxygen Content
Consist mainly of waxy and cuticular material rich in lipids
Type I. Algal Kerogen or Alginite
What are the Types of Kerogen?
Type I. Algal kerogen or alginite
Type II. Formed from lipid components or exinite
Type III. Woody Kerogen or vitrinite
Type IV. Eroded or reworked Organic Matter or Inertinite
Derived largely from algal material or from OM enriched in lipids due to microbial alteration
Type I. Algal Kerogen or Alginite
Represents the smallest volume of preserved OM but generates the most oil for a given volume of kerogen
Type I. Algag Kerogen or Alginite
In type I Kerogen _________ will be generated
Oil
Derived not only from algae but also other organisms like bacteria, phytoplankton, zooplankton and minor amounts of terrigenous OM like spores and pollen
Type II. Formed from lipid components or exinite
More abundant than Type I but generated a large volume of the world’s oil and gas deposits
Type II. Formed from lipid components or exinite
In type II Kerogen _____________ will be generated
Oil and Gas
Contains few, if any, ester groups or aliphatic chains
Type III. Woody kerogen or vitrinite
Derived from terrestrial higher plants and their parts including wood, cellulose, lignin, vitrine and huminite
Type III. Woody kerogen or vitrinite
Type III. Kerogen can be found along ________________ where there is a rapid deposition
Continental Margins
In type III Kerogen ______________ will be generated
Gas
What type of Kerogen is coal considered?
Type III. Woody kerogen or vitrinite
Contain highly oxidized inertinitic material
Type IV. Eroded or Reworked Organic Matter or Inertinite
Result of either oxidation of Organic Matter during deposition or degradation due to diagenetic transformation
Type IV. Eroded or Reworked Organic Matter or Inertinite
In type IV kerogen only gas can be generated but only during the ______________________
Later Stage of Maturity
Maceral: Alginite
Kerogen Type: I
Original Organic Matter: ______________
Fresh Water Algae
Maceral: ________________
Kerogen Type: I
Original Organic Matter: Freshwater algae
Alginite
Maceral: Alginite
Kerogen Type: ______________
Original Organic Matter: Freshwater Algae
Type I
Maceral: _________________
Kerogen Type: II
Original Organic Matter: Pollen, Spores
Exinite
Maceral: Exinite
Kerogen Type: ______________
Original Organic Matter: Pollen, Spores
Type II
Maceral: Exinite
Kerogen Type: II
Original Organic Matter: _______________
Pollen, Spores
Maceral: ______________
Kerogen Type: II
Original Organic Matter: Land - Plant Cuticle
Cutinite
Maceral: Cutinite
Kerogen Type: ____________
Original Organic Matter: Land - Plant Cuticle
Type II
Maceral: Cutinite
Kerogen Type: II
Original Organic Matter: __________________
Land - Plant Cuticle
Maceral:__________
Kerogen Type: II
Original Organic Matter: Land Plant Resins
Resinite
Maceral: Resinite
Kerogen Type: ___________
Original Organic Matter: Land Plant Resins
Type II
Maceral: Resinite
Kerogen Type: II
Original Organic Matter: ________________
Land Plant Resins
Maceral: ______________
Kerogen Type: II
Original Organic Matter: All Land Plant Lipids; Marine Algae
Liptinite
Maceral: Liptinite
Kerogen Type: __________
Original Organic Matter: All Land Plant Lipids; Marine Algae
Type II
Maceral: Liptinite
Kerogen Type: II
Original Organic Matter: ________________
All Land Plant Lipids; Marine Algae
Maceral: ______________
Kerogen Type: III
Original Organic Matter: Woody and Cellulosic material from land plants
Vitrinite
Maceral: Vitrinite
Kerogen Type: _____________
Original Organic Matter: Woody and Cellulosic material from land plants
Type III
Maceral: Vitrinite
Kerogen Type: III
Original Organic Matter: ____________________
Woody and Cellulosic material from land plants
Maceral: _________________
Kerogen Type: IV
Original Organic Matter: Charcoal; highly oxidized or reworked material of any origin
Inertinite
Maceral: Inertinite
Kerogen Type: ____________
Original Organic Matter: Charcoal; highly oxidized or reworked material of any origin
Type IV
Maceral: Inertinite
Kerogen Type: IV
Original Organic Matter: ___________________________
Charcoal; highly oxidized or reworked material of any origin
What are the 3 Main Stages of the Evolution of Organic Matter
- Diagenesis
- Catagenesis
- Metagenesis
What type of petroleum is prone in Terrestrial Sources?
Gas Prone
What type of petroleum is prone in Marine Sources?
Oil Prone
Ultimate Source or all organic matter was originally __________________
Atmospheric CO2 (Carbon Dioxide)
Lays the foundation for the evolution of higher forms of life
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis emerged as a worldwide phenomenon during _______________
Pre-Cambrian
First 4 Statements in the Accumulation and Preservation of Organic Matter
- Practically Restricted to an Aquatic Environment
- Balanced between energy level and sedimentation rate are needed to concentrate and preserve Organic Matter in sediments
3.Too high Energy Level causes erosion and high sedimentation rate - Too low Energy Level, very little sediment supplied bury the organic Matter
Last 3 statements in the Accumulation and Preservation of Organic Matter
- Anoxic environment tends to preserve Organic mater while Oxic tends to destroy Organic Matter
- Fine-grained sediments more favorable than coarse grained sediments
7.Favorable Conditions found in continental shelfs of quiet waters such as lagoons, estuaries and deep basins with restricted circulation
In terrestrial Environment the free access to air and presence of moisture allows _____________________, hence a breakdown and destruction of Organic Matter
Growth and Action of Bacteria
In aquatic environments deposition of fine-grained sediments limits access of ______________.
Oxygen
______________ activity stops when oxygen is exhausted
Aerobic bacteria
Almost all Organic Matter is preserved and fossilized in sediments associated with _____________
Aquatic Sediments
Which Type/s of Kerogen is Hydrogen- Rich?
Type I and Type II
Which Type/s of Kerogen is Hydrogen- Poor?
Type III
Occurs at shallow depths - first tens or hundreds of meters and low temperatures
Diagenesis
Microbial activity and compaction predominate transformation starts with _____________, _____________ and _____________
- Biochemical Degradation
2.Polycondensation - Insolubilization
Most important Stage in the Evolution of Organic Matter?
Diagenesis
It is during this stage that composition of kerogen and geochemical fossil is determined
Diagenesis
____________ during diagenesis is fundamental in transforming plant debris into a product capable of producing oil
Microbial Action
process starts with Continuous burial and Organic Matter is exposed to increasing temperatures
Catagenesis
Stage where Microbial Activity Ceases
Catagenesis
It is during this stage that oil, wet gas and methane is produced
Catagenesis
Principal zone of oil and gas formation
Catagenesis
A result of continuation of burial and heating
Metagenesis
occurs at great depths - usually greater than 15,000 ft. (4,600m)
Metagenesis
In the Metagenesis the Kerogen starts to ______________
Crystallize
In metagenesis coal transform to __________
Anthracite
In metagenesis the sediments where buried for a long time which range from _____________
200 to 400 million years
Production of methane from kerogen or “cracking” of hydrocarbon occurs at this stage
Metagenesis
This stage is of no interest to petroleum geology
Metagenesis
Refers to the extent of time - temperature driven reactions that convert sedimentary organic matter (source rock) into oil, wet gas and pyrobitumen
Thermal Maturity
The reflectivity of the coal associated with the source rock is analyzed
Vitrine Reflectance
Most Common method used to determine thermal maturity
Vitrine Reflectance
Alteration of coal associated with the source rock
Thermal Alteration Index
Percentage for Poor Organic Richness of Shale
<0.5
Percentage for Poor Organic Richness of Carbonate
<0.25
Percentage for Fair Organic Richness of Shale
0.5 - 1.0
Percentage for Fair Organic Richness of Carbonate
0.25 - 0.50
Percentage for Good Organic Richness for shale
1.0 - 2.0
Percentage for Good Organic Richness for Carbonate
0.5 - 1.0
Percentage for Very Good Organic Richness for Shale
2.0 - 4.0
Percentage for Very Good Organic Richness for Carbonate
1.0 - 2.0
Percentage for Excellent Organic Richness for Shale
4.0 +
Percentage for Excellent Organic Richness for Carbonate
2.0+
Particle Size: Siltstone
Average Weight Of Organic Matter: ______________
1.79%
Particle Size: Clay (2 - 4 microns)
Average Weight Of Organic Matter: ______________
2.08%
Particle Size: Clay (less than 2 microns)
Average Weight Of Organic Matter: ______________
6.50%
What are the Major Source Rocks?
- Shale
- Carbonate
- Marl
- Coal
Source Rock : Shale
% of Worlds Petroleum Occurrence Source Rock:
________________
65%
Source Rock : Carbonate
% of Worlds Petroleum Occurrence Source Rock:
________________
21%
Source Rock : Marl
% of Worlds Petroleum Occurrence Source Rock:
________________
12%
Source Rock : Coal
% of Worlds Petroleum Occurrence Source Rock:
________________
2%
Process responsible for organic matter produced
Photosynthesis
Only about ______ % of the organic produced has been preserved
0.1%
At shallow depths and low temperatures, microbial activity breaks the Organic Matter producing methane gas and hydrogen sulfide in a process called ______________
Diagenesis
Continued burial and increase in temperature causes cessation of biological activity and onset of thermally - driven activities in a process called ___________
Catagenesis
With further burial and heating of the source rocks, oil and gas (wet) “cracks” to methane (dry gas) in a process called ___________
Metagenesis
3 Geochemical Requirements to be an Effective Source Rock
- Quantity or Amount of Organic Matter
- An Attained Level of Maturity
- Certain Quality or Type of Organic Matter
Once the source rocks have been sufficiently ‘cooked’ hydrocarbons will be generated and migrated to areas of ___________
lower pressure or updip
The expulsion of generated hydrocarbons from the source rocks to the carrier bed or reservoir rock
Migration
Movements of the expelled hydrocarbons from the source rock to carrier bed.
Primary Migration
It is within non - reservoir rocks and takes the longest time
Primary Migration
Movement from carrier bed to the reservoir
Secondary Migration
Movement from one reservoir to another
Tertiary Migration
HCl is injected, dissolving the cement of the reservoir
Acidation
Liquid with sand is driven into the reservoir under high temperature
Fracturing
Rocks that are porous and permeable that can store hydrocarbons coming from the source rocks
Reservoir Rock
Why must reservoir rocks be permeable?
the reservoir rock must also be permeable so that the hydrocarbons can flow to the surface during production
Most Common Types of Reservoir Rocks
1.Sandstone
2. Limestone
3. Others
Reservoir Rocks : Sandstone
% World’s Oil Reserve: ________
60%
Reservoir Rocks : Limestone
% World’s Oil Reserve: ________
39%
Reservoir Rocks : Others
% World’s Oil Reserve: ________
1%
Most important Reservoir Rock
Sandstone Reservoir
Majority of grains must be hard, stable, insoluble, w/o crystal characteristic
Sandstone Reservoir
Contain quartz as an important constituent
Sandstone Reservoir
Quality of sandstone as initially deposited depends on __________, ____________, __________
- Source area
- Depositional Process
- The environment of deposition
3 principal types of Sand Reservoir according to initial composition:
- High - Quartz Sands
- Arkoses
- Greywackes
Dominated by detrital quartz
High- Quartz Sands
Containing significant quantities of unweathered feldspar
Arkoses
High content of rock fragments or clay matrix
Greywackes
Provenance of High Quartz Sands
- Cratonic interior of low relief where sands are derived from basement or older sedimentary rocks
- Tectonically quiescent continental margin
- Newly risen fold thrust belts
Provenance of Feldspathic or Arkosic Sandstones
- Uplifted granitic or gneissic basement
- Intrusive rocks in interior basins
- Rift zones with rapid erosion
Provenance of Greywackes
Magmatic Arc Terranes
The Depositional Environment of Sandstone Reservoir
- Terrestrial (aeolian or dune sands)
- Fluvial (River Deposits)
- Deltaic
- Coastal
- Deep Marine (Turbidites)
Major Sandstone Reservoirs are
Deltaic Distributary mouth bar and channel sands
Limestone and Dolomite covers _____% of world oil reserves
40%
Limestone and Dolomite covers _____% of world gas reserves
30%
Environment for Carbonate Reservoir
- Shallow
-Tropical
-Marine Water
Factors Controlling Carbonate Sedimentation
- Warmth
- Light
- Water Movement
Non- skeletal Components of Carbonate Reservoir
- Lime Muds
- Coated Grains
- Fecal Pellet
- Lumps
- Detrital Grains
textural designation for all carbonate sediments of essentially clay – particle grain size
Lime Muds
May be directly organic or wholly detrital and By accumulation of the remains of microscopic organisms
Lime Muds
Formed by deposition of CaCO3 around any nucleus
Coated grains
Formed by worms ingesting lime mud to feed on its content of organic matter
Fecal Pellet
Aggregation of grains
Lumps
May be abraded or redeposited
Detrital Grains
2 type of Carbonate Depositional Model
- Carbonate Shelf Model
- Carbonate Ramp Model
Commonest model deposited on the flanks of cratonic mass, continental margin, or other tectonic or depositional features
Carbonate Shelf Model
Carbonate Depositional model where Carbonates are Deposited in very shallow marine water
Carbonate Shelf Model
Where sediment production exceeds subsidence rate, carbonate sediments accumulate up to approximate sea level
Carbonate Shelf Model
Model with No prominent break in slope
Carbonate Ramp Model
Model in which Facies belt tends to be broader
Carbonate Ramp Model
Represent the earliest depositional stage in the development of a typical carbonate shelf model
Carbonate Ramp Model
4 types of carbonate Platforms
- Carbonate Ramp
- Rimmed Carbonate Shelves
- Isolated Platform (Bahama Type)
- Drowned Platform
Homoclinal ramps and Distally Steepened ramps
Carbonate Ramp
Depositional or Accretionary Shelves in bypass margins or erosional margins
Rimmed Carbonate Shelves
The Nonmarine settings of Carbonate Reservoir
1.Carbonates are traditionally considered as marine
2.Indicate deposition in continental setting
3.It has a stratigraphic and Diagenetic Implications
4.Lacustrine carbonates are important source rocks
Types of Non Marine Setting of Carbonates
- Lacustrine
- Carbonate Dunes
- Caliche
- Cave Deposits
Commonly deposited in freshwater lakes and in Varying area and depth
Lacustrine
3 Types of Lacustrine Lithofacies
- Profundal Facies
- Littoral Carbonates
- Fresh water Marl
Mostly varved lime muds and terrestrial clays occupying lake centers and is rich source rock for oil
Profundal Facies
Fringe the lake, lower amounts of clays, higher proportion of skeletal carbonate debris
Littoral Carbonates
Formed in shallow lakes and marshes
Freshwater Marl
Carbonate Dunes are
- Composed of carbonate grains
- Onshore winds transport the carbonate grains
- No particular grain type since wind transports whatever sediments are available
- May be composed of ooids, pellets, foraminifera, etc…
- Terrestrial Fossils are useful indicators
- Cross- bedding dipping landward indicates eolian origin
Forms in semi – arid to arid alkaline soil zones by reprecipitation of low Mg calcium carbonate and occurs as vertically zoned profiles
Caliche
Caliche contain 4 rock types which are
- Compact crust or hardpan
- Platy or Sheetlike
- Nodular- Crumbly
- Massive – Chalky
Indicators of substantial sea – level drop or tectonic uplift, exposure and action of vadose and phreatic processes on carbonate rocks
Cave Deposits
Highest storm tides and 5m below low tide level
Limits
In Coastal Settings Deposits can form in: ________, _______, _______
o Beaches along the windward edges of reefs
o Narrow thin beaches or tidal flats
o Protected shelf lagoons
Covers the largest area of modern carbonate deposition
Shelf Setting
Contains the greatest volume of ancient carbonate sediments
Shelf Setting
Lithologic unit which significantly impedes the flow of hydrocarbons, specifically a rock that has pore throats too small and poorly connected to allow the passage of hydrocarbons
Seal or Cap Rocks
What are the Major Types of Seals
- Shales
- Evaporites
- Carbonates
Seal/ Cap Rock: Shales
% In Worlds Petroleum Occurrence Seal: _________
65%
Seal/ Cap Rock: Evaporites
% In Worlds Petroleum Occurrence Seal: _________
33%
Seal/ Cap Rock: Carbonates
% In Worlds Petroleum Occurrence Seal: _________
2%
Enumerate the Seal Lithologies from most ductile to least Ductile
- Salt
- Anhydrite
3.Kerogen - rich shales - Silty Shales
- Carbonate Mudstone
- Cherts
It is a configuration of a rock body that constrains the movement of the fluid in the reservoir
Trap
Types of Traps
- Structural
- Stratigraphic
- Combination
Example of Structural Traps
1.Anticlines
2. Fault
3. Salt Diapirs or Salt Domes
Examples of Stratigraphic Traps
- Unconformities
- Lens trap
- Reef Trap
7 Major Types of Traps
- Anticline
- Faults
3.Salt Diapirs - Unconformities
- Reefs
- Other Stratigraphies
- Combination
Trap Type: Anticlines
% In Worlds Petroleum Occurrence Trap: _________
75%
Trap Type: Faults
% In Worlds Petroleum Occurrence Trap: _________
1%
Trap Type: Salt Diapirs
% In Worlds Petroleum Occurrence Trap: _________
2%
Trap Type: Unconformities
% In Worlds Petroleum Occurrence Trap: _________
3%
Trap Type: Reefs
% In Worlds Petroleum Occurrence Trap: _________
3%
Trap Type: Other Stratigraphies
% In Worlds Petroleum Occurrence Trap: _________
7 %
Trap Type: Combination
% In Worlds Petroleum Occurrence Trap: _________
9%
The trap must have been formed before or during the migration of the hydrocarbons
Timing
Once trapped, the hydrocarbons can be further migrate (tertiary migration) or be altered chemically (biodegraded)
Retention
Tertiary migration will ____________
drain the oil field
biodegradation will __________
destroy the quality of the oil
The presence of only one fracture 0.35 mm (0.0014 in.) wide above a 152 m. (500 ft.) oil column can leak off around ______________ in 1000 years
150 million barrels
Rocks with reservoir – qualities that abut the reservoir
Thief Beds
When tilted, they will drain the reservoir of the hydrocarbons.
Thief Beds
Are Faults Helpful in Petroleum Trapment?
Faults either aid in the entrapment of hydrocarbons or cause leakage from the trap
Why is Biodegradation bad?
Through time, meteoric liquids (usually water) is introduced into the reservoir. It carries bacteria and degrades the oil into a heavy one. Heavy type oils are difficult to produce or sometimes cannot be produced
Source rocks rich in organic content that must be buried deep enough in the basin so that the temperature will be sufficient to transform the organic matter into petroleum in a process called ___________
Maturation
3 Different Techniques For Reserves Estimation
o By analogy
o By volumetrics method
o By Performance
Volumetric method include
o Reservoir rock volume
o Average Porosity
o Fluid Saturation
Is the process where in usable petroleum is extracted and removed from the earth
Petroleum Extraction
5 Stages for Petroleum Extraction
- Prospecting
- Drilling
- Production
- Transportation
- Refining
in this Stage Geologists use seismic surveys to search for geological structures that may form oil reservoirs
prospecting
Five Elements that must be present for an oil and gas prospect to be successful
- Source Rocks
- Migration
- Traps
- Reservoir Rocks
- Seal Rocks
a deviation from whatever trend is normal
Anomaly
is an anomaly that can developed to be a prospect with additional data
Lead
is an anomaly that can be defined with existing data and meets a set of criteria requisites for commercial accumulation of hydrocarbons
Prospect
Explain How Drilling is Done
o A drilling rig is used to identify and drill into geologic reservoirs
o The oil well is created by drilling a long hole into the earth. A steel pipe is placed in the hole to provide structural integrity. Holes are then made in the base of the wall to enable oil to pass into the bore.
o Primarily in onshore oil and gas fields, once a well has been drilled, the drilling rig will be moved off of the well and a service rig built for completions will take its place.
o Finally, a collection of valves called a Christmas tree is fitted into the top. These regulate pressures and control flow
a collection of valves called a ________ is fitted into the top. These regulate pressures and control flow
Christmas Tree
__________ is utilized to bring petroleum oil hydrocarbons to the surface
Oil Well
___________ is used to mechanically lift fluid out of the well if not enough bottom hole pressure exists for the liquid to flow all the way to the surface
Pumpjack
A well that is designed to produced mainly or only gas may be called a ____________
Gas well
The Most Important Stage of Well’s Life
Production stage
Stage in which Petroleum is transported in rail cars, trucks, tanker vessels and through pipelines
Transportation stage
The Finals Stage in which petroleum is refined from its natural stage
Refining
Variations in the usage of different boiling points used to separate petroleum in different components require the heating of the petroleum to _______________ by pumping it through a furnace
600 degrees Celsius
Resulting Products After Refining
- Liquid Petroleum Gas
2.Gasoline - Naphtha
- Kerosene
- Diesel Fuel
- Fuel Oils
- Lubricating Oils
- Paraffin Wax
- Bitumen
- Petroleum Coke
Organic rock which mostly consist of macerals (carbonaceous materials evolved from various botanical components of initial vegetative debris during coalification)
Coal
the altered remains of originally lush vegetation which existed at various intervals from 50 to 350 million years ago
Coal
Chemical Formula of Coal
C135 H96 O9 N S
Types Of Coal
- peat
- Brown Coal
- Sub Bituminous Coal
- Bituminous Coal
- Anthracite
Estimated Coal Resource Potential in the Philippines
2,370 Million Metric Tons
Estimated mineable Coal reserve
200 Million Metric Tons
More than 40% of mineable Coal reserve is estimated to be in the __________________
Semirara Island
___________________ compromises 15% of the total mineable Coal reserve
South Mindoro, Sibuguey Peninsula and Samar - Leyte Area
Over ______% comprises lowered heating valve (9,000 But/lb)
70%
Structural formation in most known coal areas have dips ranging _________ to __________
15 degrees to 90 degrees
6 Major Coal Blocks
- Eastern Mindanao
- Western Mindanao
- Luzon Block
- Visayas Basin
- Eastern Seaboards
- Western Seaboards
