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GOP Flashcards

1
Q

The Philippine Island is located at

A

Philippine Mobile Belt

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2
Q

Surrounded by 3 major plates

A

Philippine Mobile belt

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3
Q

the 3 plates surrounding the Philippine Mobile Belt?

A
  1. Pacific Plate
  2. Eurasian Plate
  3. Indo-Australian plate
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4
Q

Pacific Plate is composed of

A

Oceanic crust

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5
Q

Age of Pacific Plate

A

150 Ma (Late Jurassic)

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6
Q

The Pacific Plate is moving ______ at ______ per year.

A

Northwest , 80mm

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7
Q

Kinematics reorganization of the Pacific Plate happened during

A
  1. 43 MY (eocene) at 50° Counter clockwise (NNW to WNW)
  2. 5 MY (miocene) at 10° Clockwise
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8
Q

Pacific Plate subducts at

A
  1. Under Eurasian plate along Japan trench
  2. Along Bonin-Marianas Yap trench system; under Philippine Sea plate.
  3. Under Indo-Australian, east of New Zealand.
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9
Q

Why does the Pacific Plate only age up to 150 MY?

A

Because the material there are being SUBDUCTED

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10
Q

Evidence used to identify the rotation/ manifestation that happened 25 MY

A

Emperor Seamount

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11
Q

Eurasian Plate is composed of

A

Entirely continental crust except at the marginal basin

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12
Q

The Eurasian Plate is moving ______ per year

A

3mm

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13
Q

Fixed / stable plate since 50 Ma (late miocene)

A

Eurasian plate

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14
Q

2 components of the Indo-Australian plate

A

Continental and Oceanic

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15
Q

The continental component of Indo-Australian plate

A

India and Australia

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16
Q

The oceanic component of Indo-Australian plate

A

Indian Ocean

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17
Q

the fastest moving plate

A

Indo-Australian plate

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18
Q

Indo-Australian plate moves _______ at _______mm/yr

A

Northward motion, 107

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19
Q

Australia and India separated because?

A

The development of MOR

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20
Q

The separation of Australia and India started _______ and cease during ______

A

150 MY (Late Jurassic) (start) ; 43MY (Middle Eocene) (end)

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21
Q

The India part of the Indo-Australian plate collides with

A

Eurasian plate (in the Himalayas)

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22
Q

The oceanic portion of Indo - Australian Plate subducts under Eurasian Plate along the ____________

A

Java Trench

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23
Q

The Philippine Sea Plate is subdivided to

A
  1. Ocean Basin
  2. Submarine Ridges
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24
Q

Occupies almost 50% of the Philippine Sea Plate

A

West Philippine Basin

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25
Q

West Philippine Basin is composed of

A

3 submarine plateau

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26
Q

3 submarine plateau in the West Philippine Basin

A
  1. Benham Rise
  2. Urdaneta Plateau
  3. Anami oki-daito ridges
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27
Q

Base on _________, West Philippine Basin is age 35 MY to 60 MY

A

Paleomagnetic Data

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28
Q

West Philippine Basin is age 42 to 53 MY based on

A

Deep sea Drilling

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29
Q

An extinct MOR in the WPB

A

Central Basin Fault

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30
Q

Central basin fault trends from ________ to _______

A

WNW to ESE

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31
Q

The one responsible for the spreading or generation of the WPB

A

Central Basin Fault

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32
Q

Stages of Opening of WPB

A
  1. 60 and 45 MY at NE-SW (4.4 cm/year of half spreading rate)
  2. 45 and 35 MY at NS orientation (1.8 cm/yr)
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33
Q

2 models for the WPB’s Origin

A
  1. Trapped Oceanic Basin
  2. Back Arc Basin
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34
Q

Trapped Oceanic Basin states that

A

WPB is enclosed by older ridges

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35
Q

Back Arc Basin Model states that

A

As subduction goes along, if the slab is older and colder it will therefore be pushed back or roll back because it gets heavier and as it rolls back it pulls/ trigger the spreading of the central basin faults which causes the generation of the WPB

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36
Q

During the Opening of the West Philippine Basin the _________ correspond to a relict volcanic arc that travelled to the NE. (According to Back Arc Basin Model)

A

Oki - Daito

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37
Q

An Oceanic Crust Basin that accelerates on a N-S spreading axis

A

Parece Vela - Shikoku Basin

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38
Q

The 1st Stage of the opening of the Parece Vela - Shikoku Basin starts at ______ and correspond to ________

A

30 Ma ; Parece Vela

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39
Q

The 2nd Stage of the opening of the Parece Vela - Shikoku Basin starts at ________ and correspond to ________

A

10 Ma; Shikoku

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40
Q

The Parece Vela - Shikoku Basin stops it movement at

A

17 Ma

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41
Q

It is a presently active Basin and opens around 6 Ma

A

Marianas Basin

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42
Q

The Opening of the Marianas Basin is usually associated with

A

an eastward migration of the subduction of the Pacific Plate under the Philippine Sea Plate

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43
Q

Poorly known portion on the Southern extremity of the Philippine Sea Plate

A

Ayu Basin

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44
Q

It divides the West Philippine Basin and the Parece Vela - Shikoku Basin

A

Palau - Kyushu Ridge

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45
Q

Palau - Kyushu Ridge traverse the Philippine Sea Plate for _________ km

A

2500 km

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46
Q

Palau - Kyushu Ridge is considered as a relic volcanic arc of the _________ to _________ age

A

Middle Eocene to Oligocene

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47
Q

Following the Trapped Basin Model the Palau - Kyushu Ridge what happened at 43 Ma

A

Transform fault to subduction

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48
Q

Following the Trapped Basin Model the Palau - Kyushu Ridge what happened at 30 Ma

A

the subduction retreated eastward

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49
Q

Eastern limit of the Shikoku Basin

A

Izu - Bonin Ridge

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50
Q

Izu - Bonin Ridge Represent the volcanic arc of the present active __________ colliding with the ____________

A

Bonin Trench ; Japanese Margin (Izu Peninsula)

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51
Q

Two branches of Izu - Bonin Ridge towards south

A
  1. West Marianas Ridge
  2. East Marianas Ridge
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52
Q

An ancient volcanic arc active between 20 to 9 Ma

A

West Marianas Ridge

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53
Q

Volcanic Arc of the presently active Marianas Trench

A

East Marianas Ridge

54
Q

Defines the W and E limits of Marianas Basin

A

East Marianas Ridge

55
Q

Tectonic Nature of the Boundaries of the Philippine Sea Plate

A
  1. To the E, defined by the Bonin – Marianas – Yap
    Trench system
  2. To NW, subducts under the Japanese Archipelago
    along the Nankai and Ryukyu Trench
  3. Collides with the Eurasian Margin in Taiwan
  4. To SW, subducts into Philippine Archipelago along
    Philippine Trench System
56
Q

Present Day Kinematics of the Philippine Sea Plate

A

NW displacement direction

57
Q

3 Main Kinematic parameters of Philippine Sea Plate with Respect to Eurasia

A
  1. Rotation pole located NE of Japan
  2. Relative displacement rate that varies from N to
    S along the western edge of the PSP, from 3
    cm/yr in the latitude of the Nankai Trough to
    around 9 cm/yr on the southern end of the
    Philippine Trench
  3. Relative displacement direction whose azimuth is
    directed N55W near Taiwan with a linear velocity
    around 7 cm/yr
58
Q

The reorganization of the Old Kinematics of the Philippine Sea Plate happened

A

4 Ma

59
Q

Old Day Kinematics of Philippine Sea Plate

A
  1. The direction of the PSP/Eurasian relative movement has changed from NNW to WNW since 5 Ma based on Taiwan collision and Izu-Misira-Boso Region of Japan
  2. In Taiwan, 4 to 6 Ma, 40 degrees CCW
  3. In Japan, 2 to 3 Ma, 30 degrees CCW
  4. Northward component of the plate’s movement happens between Eocene and Pliocene based on paleomagnetic records in Benham Rise
60
Q

The Marginal Basins that has an affinity with the Eurasian Plate

A
  1. South China Sea Basin
  2. Sulu Sea Basin
  3. Celebes Sea Basin
61
Q

South China sea has a depth of

A

4km

62
Q

South China Sea opened during

A

32 and 17 Ma

63
Q

The opening of South China Sea was preceded by

A

Rifting

64
Q

The rifting that happened after the opening of South China sea could have take place

A

Between late Cretaceous and Late Eocene

65
Q

2 stages of opening in South China Sea

A
  1. 32 to 17 Ma; along E-W axis
  2. 20 to 17 Ma ; along NE-SE axis
66
Q

Situated immediately to the Southeast of Palawan.

A

Sulu Sea Basin

67
Q

Composed of two sub-basin that are separated by an E-NE trending the Cagayan de Sulu ridge

A

Sulu sea Basin

68
Q

Sulu Sea Basin is composed of two sub-basin that are separated by an E-NE trending which is the __________________

A

Cagayan de Sulu Ridge (CSR)

69
Q

Sulu Sea Basin Formed Starting during ______________

A

20 Ma (Early Miocene)

70
Q

Age of Cagayan de Sulu Ridge

A

14.7 Ma

71
Q

Cagayan de Sulu (CSR) subdivides the Sulu Sea Basin (SSB) into

A
  1. NW Sub-basin
  2. SE Sub-basin
72
Q

Separates the Sulu Sea Basin from the Celebes Sea Basin

A

Sulu-Zamboanga Ridge

73
Q

Age of Sulu-Zamboanga Ridge

A

Pleistocene to Holocene

74
Q

Located at SE of Sulu Basin and Aulu-Zamboanga Arc.

A

Celebes sea basin

75
Q

Celebes Sea Basin has an age of ______________________ based on the ENE-WSW oriented magnetic anomalies

A

Eocene age (around 55 to 42Ma)

76
Q

The assigned age of Celebes Sea Basin was supported by _____________________________ blanketing the MORB - like oceanic basement

A

Results of Radiolarian dating of Pelagic Sediments

77
Q

West dipping Subduction zone.

A

Philippine Trench and East Luzon Through

78
Q

Age of Philippine Trench

A

5 Ma

79
Q

Westward Subduction of PSP under them eastern Philippine arc

A

Philippine Trench

80
Q

Coordinate of Philippine Trench

A

4N - 15N

81
Q

(Philippine Trench) __________ degrees to the North Benioff Zone but plunges to over 45 degrees to the South

A

20 degrees

82
Q

(Philippine Trench) 20 degrees to the North Benioff Zone but plunges to over ________________ degrees to the South

A

45 degrees

83
Q

The maximum length of subducting slab of the Philippine Trench

A

250 km

84
Q

The volcanic arc traced from Bicol to Leyte

A

Philippine Trench

85
Q

Moluccas Collision Zone is manifested by the ____________________

A

Philippine Trench

86
Q

(Philippine Trench) To completely consume 250 km of slab subducted at 8 cm/yr would take _____________

A

3.1 Ma

87
Q

(Philippine Trench) To completely consume 250 km of slab subducted at ____________ would take 3.1 Ma

A

8 cm/yr

88
Q

Presently shows signs of movement

A

East Luzon trough

89
Q

Movement of East Luzon Trough

A

Northward Direction

90
Q

Age of East Luzon Trough

A

Early Miocene

91
Q

Coordinate of East Luzon Trough

A

16N-18N

92
Q

East dipping Subduction zone

A

Manila trench, Negros trench, and Cotabato trench

93
Q

Subduction of the oceanic crust of the South China sea under the Luzon Arc

A

Manila trench

94
Q

Bathymetric Depression of Manila Trench

A

5100m

95
Q

Sedimentary fill of Manila Trench

A

250 to 2600 m thick

96
Q

(Manila Trench) Benioff Zone is ______________ on its southern portion, but flattens off towards the north

A

steep

97
Q

(Manila Trench) Benioff Zone is steep on its southern portion, but _______________ off towards the north

A

flattens

98
Q

Mindoro-Panay Collision zone is under ___________________

A

Manila Trench

99
Q

Manila Trench started around

A

Either 15 Ma (Wolfe 1981 and Hayes & Lewis 1984) or Older than 15 Ma (Malettere 1989)

100
Q

Coordinate of Manila Trench

A

22N - 13N

101
Q

Oceanic crust of the Sulu Sea Basin is being consumed

A

Negros trench

102
Q

(Negros Trench) Subducted oceanic slab does not seem to exceed _____________

A

100km

103
Q

It’s subduction is marked by the presence of an arc which has been active since its initiation at -10 Ma

A

Negros trench

104
Q

Negros Trench started around

A

10 Ma

105
Q

Coordinate of Negros Trench

A

10N

106
Q

A left lateral strike slip fault in Mindanao that links the Cotabato Trench and negros trench

A

Cotabato fault.

107
Q

The activity along the Cotabato Trench is fairly ___________ as suggested by its poorly developed Benioff Zone

A

recent

108
Q

This trench consumes the Celebes sea basin, and the corresponding volcanic arc can be found on the Western margins of Mindanao

A

Cotabato Trench

109
Q

(Cotabato Trench) Subduction is marked by earthquakes down to around ____________ depth

A

100 km

110
Q

Subduction along the Cotabato Trench is ________________, similar to what they perceived for the initiation of subduction zones along the Sulu Sea Margin

A

younger than 5 Ma

111
Q

Continental- Arc Collision

A

Taiwan Collision Zone

112
Q

Taiwan Collision Zone has a length/depth of

A

400 km

113
Q

(Taiwan Collision Zone) __________ start of collision with PSP and EP

A

4 Ma

114
Q

The Geology of the PMB is subdivided to

A
  1. Metamorphic Rocks
  2. Ophiolites and Ophiolitic Belts
  3. Magmatic Arcs
  4. Sedimentary Basins
115
Q

Pre - Cretaceous Metamorphic Rocks of Continental Origin:

A
  1. Carmaoy Schist
  2. Halcon Metamorphics
  3. Romblon Metamorphics
  4. Buruang Metamorphics
  5. Tungauan Schist
116
Q

Cretaceous Metamorphic Rock of Insular Arc Affinity:

A

Basic to Ultramafic in character

117
Q

The Pre – Cretaceous Metamorphic Rocks of Continental Origin is characterized by __________ and concentrated on the _________________

A

high Silica ; Western Portion of the Philippines

118
Q

The Cretaceous Metamorphic Rock of Insular Arc Affinity do not extend beyond ___________

A

Paleogene

119
Q

Complete Ophiolites

A
  1. Zambales
  2. Isabela
  3. Palawan
  4. Pujada
120
Q

Youngest Ophiolite

A

Mindoro (Amnay)

121
Q

Oldest Magmatic Arc

A

Cebu (Cretaceous)

122
Q

Ages of the ancient magmatic arc in the Philippines

A
  1. Cretaceous
  2. Early Eocene to Oligocene
  3. Middle Miocene to Late Miocene
  4. Miocene to Pliocene
  5. Plio - Pleistocene
123
Q

Active Volcanic Arcs

A
  1. Luzon Volcanic Arc
  2. East - Philippine Arc
  3. Negros - Panay Arc
  4. Sulu - Zamboanga Arc
  5. Cotabato Arc
124
Q

Sedimentary Basin that are PMB Affinity

A
  1. Ilocos - Central Luzon Basin
  2. Cagayan Valley Basin
  3. Southern Luzon - Bicol Basin
  4. Mindoro Basin
  5. Iloilo Basin
  6. Visayan Sea Basin
  7. Samar Basin
  8. Agusan - Davao Basin
  9. Cotabato Basin
125
Q

Sedimentary thickness of Ilocos Central Luzon Basin

A

8000m / 8 km

126
Q

Sedimentary thickness of Cagayan Valley Basin

A

8,100m / 8.1 km

127
Q

Sedimentary thickness of Southern Luzon - Bicol Basin

A

4,600 m / 4.6 km

128
Q

Sedimentary thickness of Iloilo Basin

A

5,000m / 5km

129
Q

Sedimentary thickness of Visayan Sea Basin

A

4,000 / 4 km

130
Q

Sedimentary thickness of Agusan - Davao Basin

A

12,000 m / 12km

131
Q

Sedimentary thickness of Cotabato Basin

A

8,000 m / 8km

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