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PERSONAL REVIEWER > NON Metalliferous > Flashcards

NON Metalliferous Flashcards

1
Q

Geologic materials used for a wide spectrum of purposes beyond the two interest of economic geology

A

Industrial Minerals

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2
Q

Two main interest of economic geology

A
  1. Fuel
  2. Metals
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3
Q

Describe as:
> widespread
> Enormous Reserves
> Accessible

A

Geologically

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4
Q

Describes as:
> development needs less investment
> cheaper to obtain

A

Economically

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5
Q

Describes as:
> needs less processing
> needs less energy
> less damages on the environment

A

Technologically

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6
Q

Examples are: food preservative, drilling mud, manufacturing of toothpaste, teflon, steel, plastics, cement, oil well drilling, abrasive

A

Industrial or Manufacturing

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7
Q

Examples are: stone, gravel, sand, granite, limestone, gypsum, (plaster, wall boards etc.)

A

Construction materials

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8
Q

Examples are: source of fertilizers: nitrate, rock phosphate, potassium compounds

A

Agriculture

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9
Q

Examples are: glasswares, cosmetic powder, cleaning materials, decorative materials

A

Household Items

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10
Q

In the Philippine Mining Industry how many are the operating mines and quarries for Metallic Mines?

A

48 Metallic Mines

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11
Q

In the 48 Metallic Mines how many mines are for Gold?

A

8 Gold Mines

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12
Q

In the 48 Metallic Mines how many mines are for Copper?

A

3 Copper Mines

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13
Q

In the 48 Metallic Mines how many mines are for Nickel?

A

30 Nickel Mines

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14
Q

In the 48 Metallic Mines how many mines are for Chromite?

A

3 Chromite Mines

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15
Q

In the 48 Metallic Mines how many mines are for Iron?

A

4 Iron Mines

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16
Q

In the Philippine Mining Industry how many are the operating mines and quarries for Non-Metallic Mines?

A

61 Non-metallic Mines

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17
Q

In the 61 Non-Metallic Mines how many quarries are for limestone/shale?

A

35 limestone/shale quarries

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18
Q

In the 61 Non-Metallic Mines how many quarries are for silica?

A

5 silica quarries

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19
Q

In the 61 Non-Metallic Mines how many quarries are for aggregates?

A

15 aggregates quarries

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20
Q

In the 61 Non-Metallic Mines how many quarries are for dolomite?

A

1 dolomite quarries

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21
Q

In the 61 Non-Metallic Mines how many quarries are for clay?

A

3 clay quarries

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22
Q

In the 61 Non-Metallic Mines how many quarries are for sand and gravel?

A

2 sand and gravel quarries

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23
Q

In the Philippine Mining Industry how many are the processing plants?

A

5 processing plants

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24
Q

In the 5 processing plants how many are for gold?

A

2 Gold Processing plants

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25
Q

In the 5 processing plants how many are for nickel?

A

2 Nickel Processing plants

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26
Q

In the 5 processing plant how many are for copper?

A

1 Copper Smelter Plant

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27
Q

In the Philippine Mining Industry how many are the small quarries and sand gravel operations covered b permits issued by LGU’s

A

3,389 small quarries

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28
Q

Increase in the Pace of Industrialization + growing environment concerns = _____________________

A

Increase in demand for industrial and manufacturing materials

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29
Q

mineral use for fire proofing, insulation, brake linings and cement

A

Asbestos

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30
Q

now considered non-commercial due to its carcinogenic property

A

Asbestos

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31
Q

Naturally occurring mineral substance can be pulled into a fluffy consistency

A

Asbestos

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32
Q

Properties of Asbestos

A
  1. Fibers are soft and flexible
  2. Resistant to heat, electricity and chemical corrosion
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33
Q

Uses of Asbestos

A
  1. An effective insulator
  2. Can be mixed into cloth, paper, cement, plastics and other materials to make them stronger
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34
Q

Asbestos is _____________ a single type of mineral - rather it refers to a group of silicate minerals that share the same fibrous nature

A

Not

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35
Q

Example of Asbestos:

A
  1. Serpentine: Chrysotile (white, Curly)
  2. Amphibole: Grunerite-cummingtonite/ Amosite (Brown Asbestos)
  3. Amphibole: Riebeckite/ Crocidolite (Blue asbestos)
  4. Amphibole: Tremolite
  5. Amphibole: Actinolite
  6. Amphibole: Anthophyllite
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36
Q

Asbestos is most commonly found in: _______________

A
  1. Serpentinites
  2. Altered ultramafic rocks
  3. Some mafic rocks
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37
Q

Asbestos other rock types are: ________________

A
  1. metamorphosed dolostones
  2. metamorphosed iron formations
  3. carbonatites
  4. alkalic Intrusions
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38
Q

Factor Contributing to Asbestos Formation

A

Faulting and Fracturing of these rocks with increased temperatures, pressures and the presence of water

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39
Q

Places where Asbestos are deposited in PH (Areas are associated with Ophiolite of Geological Significance)

A
  1. Bangui and Burgos, Ilocos Norte
  2. Aguilar and Mangatarem, Pangasinan
  3. Botolan, Cabangan, San Felipe and San Marcelino, Zambales
  4. Abra de Ilog, Occidental Mindoro
  5. Antique
  6. Misamis Oriental and Bukidnon
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40
Q

Classification of local Asbestos

A
  1. Shingles
  2. Paper
  3. Plaster
  4. Refuse Grades
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41
Q

Market requirement of Asbestos used to depend mainly on _______________

A

Fiber Length

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42
Q

In Electrical Insulation of Asbestos, the iron content should not exceed ___________

A

3.5%

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43
Q

Mineral that is heavy spar, inert, heavy and a stable mineral

A

Barite

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44
Q

Mineral that is white, opaque and twinned

A

Barite

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45
Q

Several Forms Barite is produced and sold

A
  1. Jig Concentrate
  2. Crude Lumps
  3. Ground Barite
  4. Flotation Concentrate
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46
Q

Derived from vein or seam deposits and principally a product of hand sorting

A

Lump Ore

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47
Q

The bulk of barite produced and sold is in the form of either ____________ or ___________________

A
  1. Jig Concentrate
  2. Flotation Concentrate
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48
Q

In oil well industry barite prepared should be ___________

A

Ground to -325 mesh

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49
Q

In the production of barium compounds barite prepared should be _________________

A

sold as jig concentrate

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50
Q

In the glass industry barite prepared should be ____________

A

prepared to -20 mesh and freed from iron using magnetic separators

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51
Q

Barite as inert filter in the manufacture of oilcloth, linoleum, paper and plastic should be prepared in _____________

A

ground to -325 mesh

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52
Q

Barite as pigment or extenders in paints should be prepared in ______________________

A

bleached with acid treatment to remove iron stain

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53
Q

Philippine production of barite started in ______________

A

January 1973

54
Q

Philippine production of barite ceased in ___________

A

1991

55
Q

Barite Deposits in the Philippines

A
  1. Mabilog na bundok, Lobo, Batangas (Associated with gold and silver mineralization)
  2. Mansalay, Oriental Mindoro (Occurs as a vein along the strikes of sedimentary host rocks)
56
Q

Barite occurs as ____________ in Metallic Sulfide Veins

A

Gangue

57
Q

Barite occurs as __________________ in Andesite

A

Metasomatic Deposit

58
Q

Clay consisting predominantly of minerals of the smectite group

A

Bentonite

59
Q

Bentonite is a clay consisting predominantly of minerals of the ____________ group

A

Smectite

60
Q

Properties of Bentonite

A
  1. Large chemically active surface area
  2. Interlamellar surfaces with unusual hydration characteristics
  3. Ability to modify the flow behavior of liquids
61
Q

Uses of Bentonite

A
  1. Foundry molding sands
  2. Drilling mud
  3. Bentonite slurries for sealing porous strata and stoppage of water movement in foundations for building, tunnels and dams
  4. bleaching oils and fats
  5. Carriers for insecticides and pesticides
  6. Component of paints, pharmaceuticals, medicines and cosmetics
  7. Locally used as additives, grouting, binders in foundry sand and as filler in animal feeds
62
Q

Commercial Bentonite deposits are formed by ____________________________ deposited over relatively large areas

A

alteration of fine-grained volcanic debris

63
Q

Other Bentonite deposits are formed by ____________________________ of coarse-grained intrusive rocks

A

In-situ Hydrothermal Alteration

64
Q

Types of Bentonite

A
  1. Swelling Type
  2. Non-swelling Type
65
Q

all gel-forming, “Wyoming” or western type, and true bentonite or sodium bentonite

A

Swelling Type

66
Q

bentonite that expands 15 to 20 times of the original volume of dry material in water

A

Swelling Type

67
Q

bentonite that contain sodium as predominant exchangeable ion

A

Swelling Type

68
Q

bentonite that rarely occurring and associated with kaolin of hydrothermal origin

A

Swelling Type

69
Q

bentonite that probably formed by the action of thermal springs and vapors of volcanic exhalations

A

Swelling Type

70
Q

includes the Mississippi or southern type, potassium and calcium bentonite, metabentonite, some absorbent clay or bleaching clay, some naturally active clay or fuller’s earth, some activable clay (raw)
and activated clay (treated)

A

Non - Swelling Type

71
Q

has negligible swelling

A

Non - Swelling Type

72
Q

carries calcium as its principal exchangeable ion

A

Non - Swelling Type

73
Q

Bentonites in the Philippines are generally ___________

A

Non - Swelling Type

74
Q

name derived from the first major use of the material, which was for cleaning textiles

A

Fuller’s Earth

75
Q

either a non-plastic or a claylike material, usually high in magnesia that has adequate decolorizing and purifying properties

A

Fuller’s Earth

76
Q

Fuller’s Earth is composed mostly of the distinct needle- or lath-shaped clay mineral, the _____________ . This material crumbles when laid in water

A

Attapulgite

77
Q

also defined as naturally active clay of the
non-swelling type of bentonite

A

Fuller’s Earth

78
Q

formed by alteration of fine-grained
volcanic debris deposited over relatively large areas or by in-situ hydrothermal alteration of coarse-grained intrusive rocks

A

Bentonite Deposits

79
Q

Bentonite Deposits in the Philippines

A
  1. Mangatarem, Pangasinan
  2. Cagayan
  3. Palayan City, Nueva Ecija (Swelling)
  4. Mabini and Calatagan, Batangas
  5. Tagkawayan, Quezon
  6. Legaspi City, Albay
  7. Cebu
  8. Palompon, Leyte
  9. Lanang, Davao City
80
Q

an earthy substance

A

Clay

81
Q

hydrous aluminum silicates + colloidal material + specks of rock fragments

A

Clay

82
Q

plastic when wet, stone-like when fired

A

Clay

83
Q

Records of ancient brick buildings, monuments and pottery making showed that it is one of the most widespread and earliest mineral substances utilized by person

A

Clay

84
Q

who developed the art of pottery to a high degree of perfection, probably taught the natives the art.

A

Chinese

85
Q

During Spanish times when there were no available natural building stone like limestone or volcanic tuff {adobe}, the ____________ made bricks and tiles out of ordinary clays to build churches.

A

Spanish priests

86
Q

Except for shale clay, which goes into the manufacture of Portland cement, various clays in the Philippines are generally
quarried _________________________

A

intermittently and on small scale.

87
Q

Types of Clay

A
  1. Residual
  2. Transported
88
Q

in situ clays formed by weathering due to
chemical and hydrothermal process

A

Residual Clay

89
Q

not far from parent rock, non-plastic, white (e.g kaolin)

A

Residual Clay

90
Q

formed by accumulation of clayey
materials in sites such as swamps and basins

A

Transported Clay

91
Q

far from parent material, plastic, grey, darker, smaller particles (e.g ball clay, fire clay)

A

Transported Clay

92
Q

most are formed from the chemical weathering of feldspar-rich rocks

A

Residual Clays

93
Q

many other residual deposits are formed near volcanoes from the _______________ by hot sulfuric water from solfataras or
fumaroles

A

alteration of basalt or andesite

94
Q

the biggest reserves of siliceous clay in the islands were formed by the residual alteration of chloritic schists in ____________________

A

Siruma, Camarines Sur

95
Q

Kinds of Clay

A
  1. Feldspathic Clay
  2. Fire Clay
  3. Kaolinitic Clay
  4. Siliceous Clay
96
Q

Residual Clay in the PH Occurs in

A
  1. Cagayan
  2. Ilocos Norte
  3. Abra
  4. Benguet
  5. Nueva Ecija
  6. Pangasinan
  7. Zambales
  8. Bulacan
  9. Rizal
  10. Laguna
  11. Batangas
  12. Quezon
  13. Camarines Norte
  14. Camarines Sur
  15. Sorsogon
  16. Albay
  17. Marinduque
  18. Romblon
  19. Negros Occidental
  20. Iloilo
  21. Panay
  22. Antique
  23. Surigao del Sur
  24. Misamis Oriental
  25. Bukidnon
  26. Zamboanga del Sur
  27. Zamboanga City
97
Q

consist of sedimentary beds associated with peat or lignite, alluvial and floodplain clays

A

Transported Clay

98
Q

clay beds underlying peat or lignite

A

Fire Clays

99
Q

Clay deposited in swamps and basins, usually fired to shades of gray or brown

A

Fire Clays

100
Q

Clay found in Uneng, Semirara Island

A

Fire Clays

101
Q

buff or red burning clays used in making
earthenware, pots, toys, bricks and tiles.

A

Alluvial and Floodplain Clays

102
Q

Clays that occur along the banks of mature rivers at their lowest reaches, under rice paddies and other flat areas in flood and coastal plains

A

Alluvial and Floodplain Clays

103
Q

Clay that are usually brown or gray due to high iron oxide content and the presence of some organic matter.

A

Alluvial and Floodplain Clays

104
Q

diatomaceous earth or siliceous shells or skeletons of single-celled organism called diatoms

A

Diatomite

105
Q

composed essentially of hydrated amorphous or opalline silica with varying amounts of contaminant materials such as silica sand, clays, salts and organic matter.

A

Diatomite

106
Q

Uses of Diatomite

A
  1. filtration agent
  2. soft abrasives
  3. industrial fillers
  4. lightweight aggregates
107
Q

Diatomite deposits occur as ____________, a few centimeters to several meters thick, intercalated with sedimentary and pyroclastic host rocks

A

low-dipping beds

108
Q

In the Diatomite Deposit, dilution by host rock materials of ________________ content usually necessitates some beneficiation before they could be used commercially.

A

low silica and high iron

109
Q

Diatomite Deposits in PH

A
  1. Pantabangan and Caranglan, Nueva Ecija
  2. Basud, Camarines Norte
  3. Kapatagan, Lanao del Norte
  4. Quezon, Bukidnon.
110
Q

Local diatomite production from
_____________________ period posted
37,056 MT

A

pre-1980 to 2002

111
Q

Local diatomite production from
pre-1980 to 2002 period posted
________________

A

37,056 MT

112
Q

The deposit in ___________________ is the only deposit put into commercial production.

A

Basud, Camarines Norte

113
Q

most common rock-forming mineral on earth

A

Feldspar

114
Q

general term for the group of rock-forming
minerals that are essentially anhydrous aluminium silicates

A

Feldspar

115
Q

promotes fusion during firing and imparts strength, toughness and durability in the finished products

A

Feldspar

116
Q

Uses of Feldspar

A
  1. production of glass, fired clay products, and enamel paints
  2. flux in ceramic mixture in the making of vitreous china and in porcelain enamels
  3. mild abrasives and scouring soaps {due to its angular fracture and moderate hardness)
117
Q

Most of the feldspar utilized by the local ______________ is either imported or blended with those locally quarried from small pegmatite and aplite dikes.

A

ceramic and glass plants

118
Q

Feldspar Deposit in PH

A
  1. locos Norte
  2. Nueva Ecija
  3. Occidental Mindoro
  4. Lanao del Norte
119
Q

hydrous calcium sulphate that contains ~20% water

A

Gypsum

120
Q

Uses of Gypsum

A
  1. cement retarder (Cement retarders control the time when a slurry will set hard)
  2. fabrication of fireproof gypsum board
  3. soil conditioner
121
Q

found in volcanic and/or sedimentary sequences that have been affected by hydrothermal activity

A

Gypsum

122
Q

occur either as fissures and breccia fillings, veinlets, stockworks, irregular lenses, coatings or incrustations

A

Gypsum

123
Q

commonly associated with anhydrite and in the more intensely altered volcanic rocks, with pyrite and some copper sulfides.

A

Gypsum

124
Q

Varieties of Gypsum

A
  1. Alabaster
  2. Satin Spar
  3. Selenite
125
Q

Massive Gypsum

A

Alabaster

126
Q

Fibrous Gypsum

A

Satin Spar

127
Q

Crystalline Gypsum

A

Selenite

128
Q

Production of natural gypsum started way back ________ but practically ceased in 1992.

A

1960

129
Q

Production of natural gypsum started way back 1960 but practically ceased in _______

A

1992

130
Q

Gypsum Deposits in PH

A
  1. Batangas
  2. Albay
  3. Camarines Sur
  4. Negros Oriental
  5. Cebu
  6. Marinduque
  7. Cagayan
  8. Nueva Vizcaya
  9. Occidental Mindoro

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