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PERSONAL REVIEWER > Geohazard > Flashcards

Geohazard Flashcards

1
Q

A weak to violent shaking of the ground produced by the sudden movement of rock materials below the earth’s surface

A

Earthquake

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2
Q

Movement caused by forces deep within the earth’s interior

A

Earthquake

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3
Q

Origin of earthquake

A
  1. Volcanic Activity
  2. Tectonic Activity
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4
Q

The origin of an earthquake occurs at depths between ____ and ________ km at the focus

A

5 and 700 km

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5
Q

A number that characterizes the relative size of an earthquake

A

Magnitude

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6
Q

The reading or graph produced to read the magnitude

A

Seismogram

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7
Q

The machine that records the magnitude

A

Seismograph

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8
Q

Scales used in measuring magnitude

A
  1. Richter Magnitude/ local magnitude (ML)
  2. Surface-wave magnitude (Ms)
  3. Body-wave magnitude (Mb)
  4. Moment of magnitude (Mw)
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9
Q

A quantitative measurement that relies on data gleaned from seismic records to estimate the amount of energy released at an earthquake source

A

Magnitude

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10
Q

Describing the severity of an earthquake in terms of its effects on the earth’s surface and on humans and their structures

A

Intensity

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11
Q

Used to measure the earthquake’s intensity

A

Modified Mercalli Scale

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12
Q

The point on the earth’s surface vertically above the focus of an earthquake

A

Epicenter

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13
Q

The location where the earthquake begins

A

Focus / Hypocenter

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14
Q

It is released during an earthquake

A

Seismic Waves

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15
Q

Small Tremors that follows strong earthquakes, sometime they are stronger than the actual quake

A

Aftershock

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16
Q

Gradually diminish in frequency and intensity over a period of several months

A

Aftershock

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17
Q

Small earthquake that precede a major earthquake by days or in some cases year

A

Foreshock

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18
Q

Magnitude of 1986 Casiguran Earthquake

A

Ms 7.3

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19
Q

Magnitude of 1973 Ragay Gulf Earthquake

A

Ms. 7.0

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20
Q

Magnitude of 1976 Moro Gulf Earthquake

A

Ms. 7.9

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21
Q

Magnitude of 1983 Laoag Earthquake

A

Ms 6.5

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22
Q

Magnitude of 1990 Luzon Earthquake

A

Ms 7.8

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23
Q

Magnitude of 1990 Bohol Earthquake

A

Ms 6.8

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24
Q

Magnitude of 1990 Panay Earthquake

A

Ms 7.1

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25
Q

Magnitude of 2002 Sultan Kudarar Earthquake

A

Ms 6.8

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26
Q

Magnitude of 2003 Masbate Earthquake

A

Ms 6.2

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27
Q

Magnitude of 2012 Negros Earthquake

A

Ms 6.9

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28
Q

Magnitude of 2012 Guiuan, Eastern Samar Earthquake

A

Ms 7.6

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29
Q

Magnitude of 2013 Bohol Earthquake

A

Ms. 7.2

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30
Q

Magnitude of 2017 Batangas Earthquake

A

Ms 5.5 Earthquake Swarm

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31
Q

Magnitude of 2017 Jaro, Leyte Earthquake

A

Ms 6.5

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32
Q

Magnitude of 2017 Nasugbu, Batangas Earthquake

A

Ms 6.2

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33
Q

Year of the Ms. 7.3 Casiguran Earthquake

A

1968

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34
Q

Year of the Ms. 7.0 Ragay Gulf Earthquake

A

1973

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35
Q

Year of the Ms. 7.9 Moro Gulf Earthquake

A

1976

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36
Q

Year of the Ms. 6.5 Laoag Earthquake

A

1983

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37
Q

Year of the Ms. 7.8 Luzon Earthquake

A

1990

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38
Q

Year of the Ms. 6.8 Bohol Earthquake

A

1990

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39
Q

Year of the Ms. 7.1 Panay Earthquake

A

1990

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40
Q

Year of the Ms. 6.8 Sultan Kudarar Earthquake

A

2002

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41
Q

Year of the Ms. 6.2 Masbate Earthquake

A

2003

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42
Q

Year of the Ms. 6.9 Negros Earthquake

A

February 2012

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43
Q

Year of the Ms. 7.6 Guiuan, Eastern Samar Earthquake

A

August 2012

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44
Q

Year of the Ms. 7.2 Bohol Earthquake

A

October 2013

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45
Q

Year of the Ms. 5.5 Batangas Earthquake

A

April 2017

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46
Q

Year of the Ms. 6.5 Jaro, Leyte Earthquake

A

July 2017

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47
Q

Year of the Ms. 6.2 Nasugbu, Batangas Earthquake

A

August 2017

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48
Q

Earthquake Preventive Measures

A
  1. Seek Shelter under stable table or under door frames
  2. If outside, stay away from buildings, bridges and electricity pylons and move to open areas
  3. Avoid areas at risk from secondary processes, such as landslides, rockfall and soil liquefaction
  4. After an earthquake, check gas, water and electricity pipes and lines for damage
  5. Listen to the radio and follow the instructions issued by the authorities
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49
Q

A process by which water-saturated sediment temporarily loses strength and acts as a fluid when you wiggle your toes in the wet sand near the water at the beach

A

Liquefaction

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50
Q

Ensure that the structure has ductility, the ability to accommodate large deformations and adjustable supports to correct against differential settlements of the soil

A

Building Liquefaction Resistant Structures

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51
Q

Increasing the density and/or improving the drainage characteristics of liquefiable soil reduce liquefaction hazards by limiting increases in water pressure within the soil during and earthquake

A

Soil Improvement Techniques

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52
Q

A technique in which a vibrating prove is used to penetrate the soil up to a depth of 100 feet and the vibration of the probe caused the grain structure surrounding probe to collapse and consequently increase in density. The soil is then probe in a grid like pattern to achieve densification of the soil in a given area

A

Vibroflotation

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53
Q

This method involves using gravel to backfill the wells created by the probe

A

Vibro-Replacement

54
Q

The process by which geologic materials are moved downslope from one place to another without a transport agent such as wind or water

A

Mass Wasting

55
Q

Major Causes of mass Wasting

A
  1. Slope
  2. Fluid
  3. Vegetation
56
Q

The __________ the slope the greater the downslope pull

57
Q

__________________ tend to support only very low- angle slopes

A

Dry unconsolidated materials, smooth and rounded particles

58
Q

____________________ can be piled more steeply without becoming unstable

A

Rough, sticky or irregular particles

59
Q

________ reduces friction

60
Q

for _______________, a little water present may add cohesion but large increase in water leads to instability

A

Unconsolidated materials

61
Q

________________ tends to stabilize slopes

A

Vegetation

62
Q

Guinsaugon Landslide happened on

A

February 17, 2006

63
Q

A massive rock slide debris avalanche occurred in the province of Southern Leyte, causing widespread damage and loss of life

A

Guinsaugon Landslide

64
Q

Official death toll of Guinsaugon landslide

65
Q

caused of Guinsaugon Landslide

A

10 day period heavy rain and a 2.6 earthquake

66
Q

Mass wasting Preventive Measures

A
  1. Reduce Slope Angles to create Stability
  2. Reduce additional weights on unstable slopes
  3. Enhance vegetative cover to stabilize slopes
  4. Reduce moisture contents of materials through improved drainage
  5. Shotcreting, coconet, masonry wall
67
Q

An unusually large sea wave produced by a seaquake or undersea

68
Q

Is a series of sea waves commonly generated by under-the-sea earthquakes and whose could be greater than 5 meters

69
Q

It is sometimes mistakenly associated with storm surges

70
Q

can occur when the earthquake is shallow-seated and strong enough to displace parts of the seabed and disturb the mass of water over it

71
Q

Some Natural Signs of an Approachable to Tsunami

A
  1. A felt earthquake
  2. Unusual sea level change: sudden sea water change
  3. Rumbling sound of approaching waves
72
Q

An overflow of water that submerges that submerges land that is usually dry

73
Q

Covering by water of land not normally covered by water

74
Q

_____________ Defines flood as a covering by water of land not normally covered by water

A

European Union (EU) floods Directive

75
Q

Flood Preventive Measures

A
  1. Permanent monitoring of the risk of flooding
  2. Setting up one or several information and flood warning centers for the population especially with regard to large capacity hydraulic dams
  3. Issuing regulations banning building, residing in, and access to identified risk zones and implementing specific protective systems such as alarm signals
  4. Building and developing infrastructure that will prevent, avoid or limit floods and protect the population
  5. Planning the evacuation of the population likely to be at risk and instructing them on how to behave in case of a flood
  6. Forming well trained and equipped management and rescue teams
  7. Lowering water levels in hydraulic dams and increasing the flow of rivers
76
Q

Is the motion of a surface as it shifts downward relative to a datum such as sea level.

A

Subsidence

77
Q

The opposite of subsidence, which results in an increase in elevation

78
Q

Causes of Subsidence

A
  1. Oil/ Natural Gas Extraction
  2. Mining
  3. Dissolution of Limestone
  4. Groundwater - Related
79
Q

Subsidence Preventive Measures

A
  1. Remove trees and bushes planted near the house. Trees are one of the most common causes of subsidence as the roots withdraw moisture from the soil supporting the foundation
  2. If you cannot remove the trees, maintain them with regular pruning. This should curb their growth and limit their search for water close to the house
  3. Carry out regular inspections of your property, paying particular attention to pipework, gutters and drainage systems in case of leaks and/ or blocks
  4. Stiffening of panels and foundation to promote rigid body structural movements
  5. Loosening of connections between structural members and at foundation locations to allow some extend of mechanism movements
  6. Tying members and foundations to provide temporary resistance to tensile and shear deformations
  7. Excavating around foundations to make them more flexible and to promote ground cracks away from them
80
Q

Occurs when waves and currents remove sand from the beach system

A

Beach Erosion

81
Q

Beach Erosion Preventive Measures

A
  1. Sand must be trucked in from other sources and filtered for sediments
  2. Build seawalls, revetments and jetties along the shoreline
82
Q

volcanoes erupted within the last 10,000 years based on analyses of datable materials

A

Active Volcanoes

83
Q

Volcanoes erupted within historical times (within the last 600 years), accounts of these eruptions were documented by man

A

Active Volcanoes

84
Q

Volcanoes which is morphologically young - looking but with no historically records of eruption

A

Potentially Active Volcanoes

85
Q

Volcanoes which has no record of eruption; physical form is being changed by weathering and erosion via formation of deep and long gullies

A

Inactive Volcanoes

86
Q

Volcanic Phenomena directly associated with eruption

A
  1. Lava flow, dome growth
  2. Pyroclastic flow, pyroclastic surge, lateral blast
  3. Tephra fall - ash fall, volcanic bomb
  4. Volcanic gas
87
Q

Volcanic Phenomena indirectly associated with eruption

A
  1. Lahar, flooding
  2. Debris Avalanche, Landslide
  3. Tsunami, seiche
  4. Subsidence, Fissuring
  5. Secondary/ Hydrothermal Explosion
  6. Secondary Pyroclastic flow
88
Q

A highly elongated mass of molten rock materials cascading downslope from an erupting vent.

89
Q

The lava flow being extruded has ___________________ contents.

A

low silica and low water

90
Q

A pile or mound of lava that grew on the floor of an active crater, on the side slopes via feeder vent that breached through the surface of the edifice, or inside the volcanic edifice

A

Dome Growth

91
Q

Hot dry masses of fragmented volcanic materials that move along the slope and in contact with ground surface

A

Pyroclastic Flow

92
Q

Pyroclastic Flow includes

A
  1. pumice flow
  2. ash flow
  3. block and ash flow
  4. nuee ardente
  5. glowing avalanche
93
Q

Turbulent low-concentration density currents of gases, rock debris and in some cases, water, that move above the ground surface at high velocities

A

Pyroclastic Surge

94
Q

Arises when pent-up gases facilitate their way out through the impermeable overlying materials and cause a very rapid escape into the atmosphere

A

Hot Blasts

95
Q

Blasts that are __________________ often do much damage and could exact a high toll in human lives

A

Directed obliquely

96
Q

Combination of pyroclastic flows and pyroclastic surges with an especially strong initial laterally-directed thrust

A

Lateral Blasts

97
Q

Lateral Blasts have an initial velocity of (1) ______ kph and slow down to about (2) _______ kph near its margin (3) _____ km from the volcano

A
  1. 600 kph
  2. 100 kph
  3. 25 km
98
Q

Consists of pumice, scoria, dense lithic materials or crystals or combination of the four

A

Tephra Falls

99
Q

One of the basic components of a magma or lava

A

Volcanic Gas

100
Q

Volcanoes may release to the atmosphere gases

A

Volcanic Gas

101
Q

Sometimes called mudflows or volcanic debris flow

102
Q

Flowing mixtures of volcanic debris and water

103
Q

Lahar associated directly with volcanic eruption

A

Primary or Hot Lahar

104
Q

Lahar caused by heavy rainfall

A

Secondary or Cold Lahar

105
Q

Fast downhill movement of soil and rock caused by slope failure on the cones of stratovolcanoes

A

Debris Avalanche

106
Q

Explosions from instantaneous flashing of steam upon contact with hot rocks

A

Hydrothermal Explosions

107
Q

Caused by the contact of water with hot pyroclastic flow deposits

A

Secondary Explosions

108
Q

first 5 Precursors of an Impending Volcanic Eruption

A
  1. Increase in the frequency of volcanic quakes with rumbling sounds; occurrence of volcanic tremors
  2. Increased steaming activity ; change in color of steam emission from white to gray due to entrained ash
  3. Crater glow due to presence of magma at or near the crater
  4. Ground Swells (or inflation), ground tilt and ground fissuring due to magma intrusion
  5. Localized landslides, rockfalls and landslides from the summit area not attributable to heavy rains
109
Q

Last 5 Precursors of an impending Volcanic Eruption

A
  1. Noticeable increase in the extent of drying up of vegetation around the volcano’s upper slopes
  2. Increase in the temperature of hot springs, wells and crater lake near the volcano
  3. Noticeable variation in the chemical content of springs, crater lakes within the vicinity of the volcano
  4. Drying up of spring/ wells around the volcano
  5. Development of new thermal areas and/or reactivation of old ones; appearance of solfataras
110
Q

Long term patterns or Trends of Meteorological conditons

111
Q

The meteorological conditions in a given place on a given day

112
Q

Refers to the increasing changes in the measures of climate over a long period of time including precipitation, temperature and wind patterns

A

Climate Change

113
Q

Refers to the rise in global temperatures due mainly to the increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere

A

Global Warming

114
Q

What Causes Climate Change?

A
  1. Strength of the Sun
  2. Milankovitch Cycle
  3. Greenhouse Gases
  4. Ocean Currents
  5. Plate Tectonics and Volcanism
  6. Change in Land Cover
  7. Meteorite Impacts
115
Q

River Affected by the Marcopper Mining Disaster 1996

A

Boac River, Marinduque

116
Q

When did Marcopper Mining Disaster occurred?

A

March 24, 1996

117
Q

Company responsible for Placer, Surigao del Norte Disaster?

A

Manila Mining Corp

118
Q

When did the Placer, Surigao Del Norte Disaster Occurred?

A

July 9, 1987
September 2, 1995
April 26, 1999

119
Q

When and where Philex Mine Wastes Spill Occurred?

A

When: August 1, 2012
Where: Padcal Mine

120
Q

When did the Semirara Coal Mine Collapse Occurred?

A

February 13, 2013

121
Q

When and where did the Mt. Diwalwal Gold Rush happened?

A

When: Started in 1980
Where: Brgy. Diwalwal, Monkayo, Compostela Valley

122
Q

Company responsible for the Rapu-rapu Cyanide Spill?

A

Lafayette Philippines Inc.

123
Q

When and where did the Rapu- rapu Cyanide Spill happened?

A

When: July 11, 2007
Where: Rapu-Rapu Albay

124
Q

When and where did the TVI Pacific Inc. Incident happened?

A

When: Nov. 22, 2004
Where: Siocon, Zamboanga Del Norte

125
Q

Company responsible for Sipalay Incident?

A

Maricalum Mining Corp

126
Q

When and where did the Sipalay Incident happened?

A

When: 1982 and 2001
Where: Sipalay, Negros Occidental

127
Q

When and where did the Magnetite Mining happened?

A

When: 2008 (started date)
Where: Cagayan

128
Q

How many company is responsible for Magnetite Mining?

A

10 black sand mining companies

129
Q

When and Where did the Bre-X Scandal happened?

A

When: March 19,1997
Where: Busang, Indonesia

130
Q

Person Responsible for Bre-X Scandal?

A

Michael de Guzman

PERSONAL REVIEWER (28 decks)

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