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3rd Year - Neurology > Peter's Physiology 4 - Somatosensory Innervation 2 > Flashcards

Peter's Physiology 4 - Somatosensory Innervation 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Which pathway senses discriminatory touch, pressure, vibration and conscious proprioception?

A

Dorsal column medial leminscal pathway

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2
Q

How many orders of neurones are involved in the dorsal column medial leminscal pathway?

A

3

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3
Q

Where does the first synapse of the dorsal column medial leminscal pathway occur?

A

In the dorsal column nuclei (gracile nucleus and cuneate nucleus) of the brainstem (some synapse deep in the dorsal horn upon entering the brainstem)

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4
Q

Where does the decussation of the dorsal column medial leminscal pathway occur?

A

At the great sensory decussation in the brainstem (after the synapse) -> information as far as the dorsal column nuclei are ipsilateral

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5
Q

Where does the 2nd synapse of the dorsal column medial lemniscal pathway occur?

A

At the ventral psoteriolateral (VPL) nucleus of the thalamus

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6
Q

What type of primary sensory afferent nerves carry the initial sensory information in the dorsal column medial leminscal pathway?

A

A alpha or A beta fibres

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7
Q

What pathway senses pain, thermosensation, crude touch, itch and tickle?

A

Spinothalamic tract

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8
Q

How many orders of nerves are involved in the spinothalamic tract?

A

3

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9
Q

What type of primary afferent nerves carry the initial sensory information in the spinothalamic tract?

A

A delta or C fibres

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10
Q

Where is the first synapse in the spinothalamic tract?

A

In the spinal cord at the level of entry

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11
Q

where does decussation occur in the spinothalamic tract?

A

In the spinal cord (at all levels of the cord - close to point of entry via Lissaeur’s tract)

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12
Q

Where is the second synapse in the spinothalamic tract?

A

Thalamus (VP nucleus)

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13
Q

What 2 tracts make up the dorsal columns?

A

Medial fasiculus gracillis (gracile tract)

Lateral fasciculus cunaetus (cuneate tract)

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14
Q

What anatomical sensory area inputs travel in the fasciculus gracillis?

A

Sensory input to T6 and below (including legs and lower trunk)

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15
Q

What anatomical sensory area inputs travel in the fasiculus cuneatus?

A

Input above T6 (including arms and upper trunk)

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16
Q

How do second order neurones of the dorsal column medial lemniscal pathway ascend to the VPL nucleus of the thalamus from their decussation?

A

In the medial lemniscus

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17
Q

How do 3rd order neurones of the dorsal column medial lemniscal pathway project to the primary somatosensory cortex?

A

Via the posterior internal capsule

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18
Q

What system conveys equivalent information as the dorsal column medial lemniscal pathway from the anterior head?

A

Trigeminal system

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19
Q

What is stereognosis?

A

Ability to recognise an object by feeling it

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20
Q

What is another name for conscious proprioception?

A

Kinaesthesia

21
Q

What frequency of tuning fork is used to identify vibration?

A

128Hz tuning fork

22
Q

What is the name for the amplification in the differences in activity of adjacent neurones as information is conveyed from one neurone to the next in a sensory pathway?

A

Contrast enhancement

23
Q

What is the name for the ability of an excited neurone to reduce the activity of its neighbours?

A

Lateral inhibition

24
Q

In contrast enhancement, what causes the increased gain and lateral inhibition?

A

Interneurones

25
Q

What pathways carry the general somatic information from the anterior head?

A

Trigeminothalamic pathways (X2) aka trigeminal system

26
Q

What are the 3 divisions of the trigeminal nerves?

A 
V1 = ophthalmic
V2 = maxillary
V3 = mandibular
27
Q

Where are the soma of sensory neurones of the trigeminal system located?

A

in the trigeminal sensory ganglion

28
Q

Where do central terminals of the trigeminal nerve synapse upon second order neurones?

A

In the chief sensory nucleus (general tactile stimuli) or spinal nucleus (pain, temperature information) of the pons -> decussate after this

29
Q

Where does the 2nd synapse of the trigeminothalamic pathways occur?

A

Ventropsoteriomedial (VPM) nucleus of the thalamus

30
Q

How do 3rd order neurones of the trigeminal system relay information to the cortex?

A

Via thalamocortical neurones

31
Q

Where is the somatosensory cortex located?

A

Post central gyrus of the parietal cortex

32
Q

What are brodmann areas?

A

Ways to divide the cerebral cortex into different areas based on their different cellular components and specific neurological functions

33
Q

What broaden areas does the somatosensory cortex consist of?

A

BA 1, 2, 3a and 3b

34
Q

What is the input to brodmann area 3a?

A

Proprioceptors

35
Q

What is the input to brodmann area 3b?

A

Cutaneous (SA e.g. merkel cells and RA receptors e.g. meissner’s corpuscles)
BA 3a

36
Q

What is the input to brodmann area 1?

A

Cutaneous (RA mechanoreceptors)

BA 3b

37
Q

What is the input to brodmann area 2?

A 
Joint afferents
Golgi tendon organs
Deep tissues
BA 3a
BA 3b
38
Q

What modality is Brodmann area 3b sensitive to?

A

Touch (texture, shape, stimulus size)

39
Q

What modality is Brodmann area 1 sensitive to?

A

Texture discrimination

40
Q

What modality is Brodmann area 2 sensitive to?

A

Object perception (size, shape of object - steroegnosis)

41
Q

What is the name for impaired grasping and size and shape discrimination?

A

Astereognosis

42
Q

How many cell layers does the somatosensory cortex have?

A

6

43
Q

Which cell layer do thalamic inputs to the somatosensory cortex mainly terminate on?

A

Layer IV (which in turn projects to cells towards the surface of the cortex and also deeper layers)

44
Q

Multiple somatotopic maps of the somatosensory cortex exist.

What do adjacent strips of the cortex always map?

A

The same parts of the body in parallel to each other

45
Q

What happens if to the somatosensory cortex if a finger (for example) is lost in an accident?

A

The area representing the finger is utilised by another sensory input

46
Q

What symptom can be described by the fact somatotopic maps are plastic?

A

Phantom limb sensations in amputees

47
Q

What does the posterior parietal cortex do?

A

Receives and integrates information from somatosensory cortex and other cortical areas (visual, auditory) and sub-cortical areas (thalamus) - important for deciphering the deeper meaning of the information in the primary somatosensory cortex)

48
Q

What area is usually damage in neglect syndrome where someone bellicose the left side of the world does not exist?

A

Right parietal cortex

3rd Year - Neurology (17 decks)

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