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3rd Year - Neurology > Gross Anatomy 2 - Back, vertebral column, spinal cord > Flashcards

Gross Anatomy 2 - Back, vertebral column, spinal cord Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 main functions of the back?

A

Maintenance of posture

Movements of limbs and trunk

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2
Q

What anatomical structure does the skin dimples of the lower back indicate?

A

Posterior superior iliac spines (PSIS)

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3
Q

Were do the extrinsic back muscles attach to?

A

Pectoral girdle

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4
Q

What is the function of the extrinsic back muscles?

A

Move upper limb

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5
Q

Name the 4 extrinsic back muscles?

A

Levator scapulae
Rhomboids
Trapezius
Latissimus dorsi

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6
Q

What is the function of the intrinsic back muscles? (2)

A

Maintain back posture

Move spine

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7
Q

What is the name for the superficial intrinsic back muscles?

A

Erector spinae

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8
Q

What is the name for the deep intrinsic back muscles?

A

Transversospinalis

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9
Q

Where do the erector spinae muscles attach inferiorly?

A

Common tendon attaches to the sacrum and iliac crest

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10
Q

Where do the erector spinae muscles attach superiorly?

A 
A rib
A transverse process of a vertebrae
or
A spinous process of a vertebrae
Via tendon
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11
Q

Where is transversospinalis located?

A

Within the grooves between the transverse and spinous processes

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12
Q

What is the nerve supply to the intrinsic back muscles?

A

Posterior rami branches (cervical, throacic, lumbar) as per the myotome pattern

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13
Q

Contraction of what muscle bilaterally causes extension of the spine?

A

Erector spinae

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14
Q

Contraction of what muscle unilaterally causes lateral flexion of the spine?

A

Erector spinae

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15
Q

Contraction of what 2 muscles causes flexion of the spine?

A

Psoas major

Rectus abdominis

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16
Q

Where does natural lordosis of the spine occur?

what are these areas all referred to as?

A

Cervical and lumbar regions

Secondary curves of the spine

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17
Q

Where does natural kyphosis of the spine occur?

What are these areas also referred to as?

A

Thoracic and sacral spine

Primary curvatures of the spine

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18
Q

What is the name of the joint between inferior and superior articular processes of the spine?

A

Synovial facet joints

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19
Q

What are the 2 components of the vertebral arch of a vertebra?

A

Pedicle (X2)

Lamina (X2)

20
Q

What is unique about the C1-C2 joint?

A

It has no intervertebral disc

21
Q

Name of the outer ring of the intervertebral disc?

A

Outer fibrous ring/ annulus fibrosus

22
Q

Name of the inner soft pulp of the intervertebral disc?

A

Nucleus pulposus

23
Q

Name of the short ligaments which connect adjacent laminae posterior to the spinal cord?

A

Ligamentum flavum

24
Q

Name for the narrow, weak ligaments which prevents over-flexion of the spine?

A

Posterior longitudinal ligament

25
Q

Name for the broad, strong ligament which prevents over-extension of the spine?

A

Anterior longitudinal ligament

26
Q

Name for the ligament that connects the tips of the spinous processes?

A

Supraspinous ligament

27
Q

Name for the weak, membranous ligament that connects superior and inferior surfaces of adjacent spinous processes?

A

Interspinous ligament

28
Q

Name of C1 vertebrae?

A

Atlas

29
Q

How does atlas vary from other vertebrae?

A

no body or spinous process (posterior and anterior arch instead)

30
Q

Name of C2 vertebrae?

A

Axis

31
Q

How does atlas vary from other vertebrae?

A

Has an odontoid process

32
Q

What is the name of the first palpable spinous process in approx. 70% of people?

A

C7 i.e. vertebrae prominens

33
Q

What is the name for the joint between the occipital condyles and the superior articular facets of the atlas?

A

Atlanto-occipital joints

34
Q

What type of joint is the atlanto-occipital joint?

A

Synovial

35
Q

Movements enabled by the atlanto-occipital joints?

A

Flexion and extension of the neck

A little lateral flexion and rotation

36
Q

How many articulations does the atlanto-axial joint have?

A

3

37
Q

What are the 3 joints of the atlanto-axial joint between?

A

2 between inferior articular facets of the atlas and the superior articular facets of the axis
1 between the anterior arch of the atlas and odontoid process of the axis

38
Q

What type of joint is the atlanto-axial joints?

A

Synovial

39
Q

Main movement of the atlanto-axial joints?

A

Rotation

40
Q

What is the name of the inferior opening of the sacral canal?

A

Sacral hiatus

41
Q

Name of the top left part of the sacrum?

A

Left ala

42
Q

Where is cadaul anaesthesia injected?

What is the purpose of this?

A

into the sacral hiatus to anaesthetise the sacral spinal nerve roots of the cauda equina

43
Q

At what vertebral level does the spinal cord end?

A

L1/L2

44
Q

Name for the spinal nerves that continue down the spinal canal after the spinal cord has terminated?

A

Cauda equina

45
Q

What lies between the vertebrae and dura mater in the spinal canal?

A

Epidural fat

46
Q

What is the name for the removal of one or more spinous processes and the adjacent lamina?

A

Laminectomy

3rd Year - Neurology (17 decks)

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