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3rd Year - Neurology > Neuro Anatomy 3 - Basal Ganglia and Cerebellum > Flashcards

Neuro Anatomy 3 - Basal Ganglia and Cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

What is the name of either of the 2 masses of grey matter lying between the cerebral hemispheres on either side of the third ventricle?

A

Thalamus

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2
Q

What is the thalamus important for?

A

Relaying sensory information to the cortex and acting as a centre for pain perception (acts as the gate-keeper)

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3
Q

Does the primary motor area plan movement alone?

A

No - has a large amount of input from other areas of the brain which pre-plan the movement

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4
Q

What is the name of the group of subcortical nuclei situated at the base of the forebrain?

A

Basal ganglia

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5
Q

3 main functions of the basal ganglia?

A

To facilitate purposeful movement
Inhibit unwanted movements
Role in posture and muscle tone

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6
Q

What role does the cerebellum have in movement?

A

Co-rodinates movement by using sensory information to make fine-adjustments to motor movements
Also important in motor memory

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7
Q

What area of the brain plans movement?

A

Motor cortex

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8
Q

Describe how the motor cortex, cerebellum, basal ganglia and thalamus interact to cause a movement?

A

Motor cortex initiates movement
Cerebellum adjusts movement using sensory information sending information about altered movement back to the motor cortex and makes adjustments to the movement directly
Info from cerebellum to cortex is sent via the thalamus (acts as gate-keeper for sensory information)
Basal ganglia further controls movement by aiding, dampening or stopping movement

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9
Q

What are the names of the 3 lobes of the cerebellum?

A

Anterior lobe
Posterior lobe
Flocculonodular lobe

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10
Q

what is the flocculonodular lobe of the cerebellum made up of?

A

Flocculus

Nodule

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11
Q

What is the name of the fissure between the anterior and posterior lobe of the cerebellum?

A

Primary fissure

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12
Q

What is the name of the fissure in the posterior lobe of the cerebellum?

A

Horizontal fissure

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13
Q

What part of the cranial fossa does the cerebellum sit in?

A

Posterior cranial fossa

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14
Q

What is the name of the extension of the dura mater above the cerebellum?

A

Tentorium cerebelli

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15
Q

What is the name of the extension of the dura mater which extends longitudinally between the hemispheres of the cerebrum?

A

Falx cerebri

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16
Q

What is the name of the extension of the dura mater which extends longitudinally between the cerebellum?

A

Falx cerebelli

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17
Q

Is the core of the cerebellum white or grey matter?

A

Core = white matter with extensive surrounding grey matter (some grey matter curried in at the core)

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18
Q

What is another name for stalk (as in the stalks that attach the cerebellum to the brainstem)?

A

Peduncles

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19
Q

What is the name for the 3 stalks which attach the cerebellum to the brainstem?

A

Superior cerebellar peduncle
Middle cerebellar peduncle
Inferior cerebellar peduncle

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20
Q

Name for the midline of the cerebellum?

A

Vermis (hemispheres at either side)

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21
Q

What structures make up the deep grey matter of the cerebellum?

A

Deep cerebellar nuclei

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22
Q

Name of the 3 layers of the cerebellar cortex?

A

Molecular layer (outer)
Purkinje cell layer (middle)
Granule cell layer (inner)

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23
Q

Which layer of the cerebellar cortex contains many tiny neurones?

A

Granule cell layer

24
Q

Which layer of the cerebellar cortex contains giant cell nuclei?

A

Purkinje cell layer

25
Q

What are the 3 main important afferents from to the cerebellum?

A

Spinal cord, from somatic proprioceptors and pressure receptors
Cerebral cortex (relayed via the pons)
Vestibular apparatus via the vestibular nuclei

26
Q

How does afferents enter the cerebellum and where does it project to?

A

Cerebellar peduncles

Granule cell layer

27
Q

What is the only output of the cerebellum via?

A

Axons of purkinje cells which mainly synapse on neurones of the deep cerebellar nuclei

28
Q

Where do efferent axons from the deep cerebellar nuclei in the cerebellum go?

A

Cross the midline and synapse in the thalamus which in turn sends fibres to the motor cortex

29
Q

What side of the body does a cerebellar lesion affect?

A

Ipsilateral side (cerebellar hemispheres influence the ipsilateral side)

30
Q

Effect of a unilateral hemispheric lesion?

A

Disturbance of co-ordination in limbs and unsteady fait (absence of weakness or sensory loss)

31
Q

Effect of bilateral cerebellar dysfunction?

A

Results in slowed, slurred speech (dysarthria), bilateral incordination of the arms and a staggering, wide based gait (cerebellar ataxia)

32
Q

Effect of midline cerebellar lesion?

A

Disturbance of postural control

33
Q

3 functional regions of the cerebellum?

A

Vestibulocerebellum
Spinocerebellum
Pontocerebellum

34
Q

What are the 5 named masses of grey matter which make up the basal nuclei?

A 
Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Globus pallidus
Subthalamic nucleus
Substantia nigra
35
Q

Name of the putamen + globus pallidus?

A

Lenticular nucleus

36
Q

Name of the caudate nucleus + putamen?

37
Q

Name of the striatum + globus pallidus?

A

Corpus striatum

38
Q

What is the name of the 2 stripes of the globes pallidum?

A

Lateral and medial stripe

39
Q

Which of the masses of grey matter in the basal ganglia curves round the lateral ventricle?

A

Caudate nucleus

40
Q

In what disease are the cells of the substantial nigra lost?

A

Parkinsons disease

41
Q

Which of the grey matter structures in the basal ganglia are self-stained black?

A

substantia nigra

42
Q

What causes parkinsons disease?

A

Degeneration of dopaminergic neurones of the substantia nigra

43
Q

What are the names of the 2 pathways in the basal ganglia which enhance or inhibit the activity of the motor cortex?

A

Direct/ indirect pathway

44
Q

What effect does the direct pathway have on the activity of the motor cortex?

A

Enhances it - increases movement

45
Q

Does the direct pathway in the basal ganglia excite or inhibit the thalamus?

A

Excites (through a decrease in inhibitory signal) leading to further excitation of the motor cortex

46
Q

Which component of the basal ganglia is involved in the indirect but not direct motor pathway?

A

Globus pallidus externus

47
Q

What effect does the indirect pathway have on the thalamus?

A

Inhibits outflow of thalamus = decreased activity of motor cortex

48
Q

Do unilateral lesions of the basal ganglia affect the ipsilateral or contralateral side of the body?

A

Contralateral side

49
Q

What motor signs do lesions of the basal ganglia cause?

A

Changes in muscle tone
Dyskinesias (abnormal, involuntary movements) i.e. tremor, chorea
Myoclonus (muscle jerks)

50
Q

Describe chorea movements?

A

Rapid, asymmetrical movements usually affecting distal limb musculature

51
Q

What are 2 disorders associated with the basal ganglia?

A

Parkinson’s disease

Huntington’s disease (huntington’s chorea)

52
Q

What is the pathology behind Huntington’s disease?

A

Degeneration of dopaminergic neurones of the substantia nigra

53
Q

What are 3 signs of parkinson’s disease?

A

akinesia
Rigidity
Resting tremor

54
Q

Describe the genetics of huntington’s disease?

A

Autosomal domiannt disorder

55
Q

Describe the pathology of huntington’s disease?

A

Progressive degeneration of the basal ganglia and cerebral cortex

56
Q

What are 2 signs of huntington’s disease?

A

Chorea

Progressive dementia

3rd Year - Neurology (17 decks)

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