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3rd Year - Neurology > Neuro Anatomy 1 - CNS Overview > Flashcards

Neuro Anatomy 1 - CNS Overview Flashcards

1
Q

How many spinal nerves are there?

A

31

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2
Q

What is the name of the embryonic structure from which the brain and spinal cord develop from?

A

Neural tube

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3
Q

In embryology, at 4 weeks, how many swellings (primary vesicles) does the neural tube have? What are their names?

A

3 - prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon

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4
Q

In embryology, at 6-8 weeks, how many swellings (secondary vesicles) are there? What are their names?

A

5: Telencephalon and diencephalon (from prosencephalon) Mesencephalon (same as at 4 weeks) Metencephalon and mylencephalon (from rhombencephalon)

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5
Q

What part of the mature brain does the telencephalon form?

A

Cerebral hemispheres

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6
Q

What part of the mature brain does the diencephalon form?

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus

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7
Q

What part of the mature brain does the mesencephalon form?

A

Midbrain

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8
Q

What part of the mature brain does the metencephalon for?

A

Pons, cerebellum

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9
Q

What part of the mature brain does the myelencephalon form?

A

Medulla oblongata

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10
Q

What are the 3 parts of the brainstem?

A

Midbrain Pons Medulla oblongata

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11
Q

What is the name for the combined thalamus and hypothalamus?

A

Diencephalon

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12
Q

What is continuous inferiorly with the medulla oblongata?

A

Spinal cord

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13
Q

What are the 2 principle groups of cells of the CNS?

A

Neurones Glial cells

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14
Q

Are most neurones in the CNS unipolar or multipolar?

A

Multipolar

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15
Q

What type of cells in the CNS act as communicators, receiving information (chiefly via synapses), integrating the information and then transmitting electrical impulses?

A

Neurons

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16
Q

What is another name for a neurons cell body?

A

Soma

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17
Q

What is the name for the part of the cell body of a neuron that connects to the axon?

A

Axon hillock

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18
Q

Name a type of neurone that has no true dendrites?

A

Primary sensory neurone of spinal ganglion

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19
Q

Name a type of neurone that has no axon?

A

Amacrine cell of retina

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20
Q

What is the role of glial cells?

A

To support and provide insulation between neurones

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21
Q

Are neurones or glial cells more numerous?

A

Glial cells

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22
Q

What are the 4 major types of glial cells?

A

Astrocytes Oligodendrocytes Microglia Ependymal cells

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23
Q

What shape are astrocytes?

A

Star-shaped (name comes from astro- e.g. astronaut) - has many numerous processes

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24
Q

Is there connective tissue in the CNS?

A

No

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25
Q

What is the role of astrocytes? (3)

A

Roles in support, maintaining blood-brain barrier, environmental homeostasis

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26
Q

What type of cell produces myelin in the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes

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27
Q

What type of cells produce myelin in the PNS?

A

Schwann cells

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28
Q

What is myelin formed from?

A

Wraps of cell membrane doubled up

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29
Q

What is the name of the gaps of myelin sheath which exposes part of a neurones axon?

A

Node of Ranvier

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30
Q

What is the purpose of myelin?

A

To speed up conduction

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31
Q

What is the function of microglia?

A

Immune monitoring and antigenpresentation

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32
Q

What is the origin of microglia?

A

Hemopoietic - similar lineage to macrophages

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33
Q

What happens to microglia when they are activated e.g. by a bacterial infection?

A

They pull in their short branches and become rounder, taking on a similar appearance to a macrophage

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34
Q

What is the name of the cells that line the ventricles?

A

Ependymal cells

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35
Q

What type of epithelium do ependymal cells form?

A

Ciliated cuboidal/ columnar epithelium

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36
Q

Do the ependymal cells of the ventricles form a good barrier between the CSF and brain tissue?

A

No

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37
Q

What is the name of the type of astrocytes found mainly in white matter?

A

Fibrous astrocytes

38
Q

What is the name of the type of astrocyte found mainly in grey matter?

A

Protoplasmic astrocytes

39
Q

What is the name for the ridges in the brain?

A

Gyrus (plural gyri)

40
Q

What is the name for the small dips in the brain?

A

sulcus (plural sulci)

41
Q

What is the name for the deeper dips in the brain?

A

Fissure

42
Q

Is white or grey matter outermost in the brain?

A

Grey - there is also some deep grey matter structures

43
Q

What is very numerous in grey matter?

A

Cell bodies (also lots of synapses and support cells)

44
Q

What is very numerous in white matter?

A

Axons (also lots of support cells)

45
Q

Is grey or white matter outermost in the spinal cord?

A

White matter

46
Q

What is the name of the posterior chunk of grey matter in the spinal cord?

A

Posterior (dorsal) horn

47
Q

What is the name of the anterior chunk of grey matter in the spinal cord?

A

Anterior (ventral) horn

48
Q

What is the name of the posterior chunk of white matter in the spinal cord?

A

Posterior (dorsal) columns

49
Q

What is the name of the lateral chunk of white matter in the spinal cord?

A

Lateral columns

50
Q

What is the name of the anterior chunk of white matter in the spinal cord?

A

Anterior (ventral) columns

51
Q

what is the name of the fissure that separates the temporal and parietal lobe?

A

Lateral fissure (aka sylvian fissure)

52
Q

What is the name of the fissure that separates the sensory and motor regions of the brain?

A

Central sulcus

53
Q

What is the name for the equivalent of gyri in the cerebellum?

A

Folia

54
Q

What is the name of the gyri in front of and behind the central sulcus?

A

Precentral and postcentral gyrus

55
Q

What is the name of the fissure that separates the 2 hemispheres of the brain?

A

Longitudinal fissure (aka interhemispheric fissure)

56
Q

What is the name for the part of the brain that communicates between the 2 hemispheres?

A

Corpus Callosum

57
Q

What is the name for the deep subcortical structure that contains a concentration of white matter projection fibres?

A

Internal capsule

58
Q

What is the collective name for the putamen and globuss pallidus? What are these?

A

Lentiform nucleus Nuclei in the basal ganglia

59
Q

What are the 2 parts of the lentiform nucleus?

A

Putamen Globus pallidus

60
Q

What are the basal ganglia?

A

A group of nuclei in the deep white matter of the brain that are interconnected with the cerebral cortex, thalami and brainstem

61
Q

What gyrus sits just above the corpus colosseum?

A

cingulate gyrus (with the cingulate sulcus just above)

62
Q

What is the major role of the cingulate gyrus?

A

Pain interpretation

63
Q

What separates the parietal and occipital lobe?

A

Parieto-occipital sulcus

64
Q

What is the name of the fissure that is located on the medial surface of the occipital lobe and divides the visual cortex into 2?

A

Calcarine fissure/ sulcus

65
Q

What is the name of the C-shaped bundle of nerve fibres in the brain that acts as the major output tract of the hippocampus?

A

Fornix

66
Q

What is the name of the communication between the 2 thalamus?

A

Interthalamic adhesion

67
Q

What does the pineal gland secrete?

A

Melatonin

68
Q

What connects the paired lateral ventricle with the third ventricle?

A

Interventricular foramina

69
Q

What connects the third and fourth ventricles?

A

Cerebral aqueduct

70
Q

Boundaries of the frontal lobe?

A

Anterior to the central sulcus (line drawn from the central sulcus down to the corpus callous) and superior to the lateral sulcus

71
Q

Boundaries of the parietal lobe?

A

Posterior to the central sulcus, superior to the lateral sulcus (and a backwards extension of it) and anterior to a line from the parieto-occipital sulcus to the pre occipital notch

72
Q

Boundaries of the occipital lobe?

A

Posterior to a line from the parieto-occipital sulcus to the preocciptial notch

73
Q

Boundaries of the temporal lobe?

A

Inferior to the lateral sulcus (and a line extending the lateral sulcus posteriorly) and posteriorly by a line from the parieto-occipital sulcus and the pre occipital notch - medially, extends from the temporal pole to a line drawn between the pre occipital notch and the anterior end of the calcarine sulcus

74
Q

What is the name of the hidden 5th lobe of the brain?

A

Insular lobe (or insula)

75
Q

What is the main role of the insula?

A

Patient’s experience of pain (i.e. intensity of pain)

76
Q

Where is the insula located?

A

Hidden within the lateral fissure

77
Q

Name of the 3 layers of the meninges from superficial to deep?

A

Dura mater Arachnoid mater Pia mater

78
Q

What is located between the arachnoid mater and pia mater?

A

Subarachnoid space (contains CSF)

79
Q

What is the name of the continuation of the 4th ventricle down the spinal cord?

A

Central canal of spinal cord

80
Q

What is the name of the other nervous system in the body apart from CNS and PNS?

A

Enteric nervous system

81
Q

What is the name of the 2 plexuses of neurones in the enteric nervous system?

A

Myenteric plexus between outer layers of smooth muscle submucosal plexus in the submucosa

82
Q

What are the names of the 2 arterial supplies to the brain?

A

Internal carotid system (anterior portion) Vertebro-basilar system (posterior portion)

83
Q

Name of the circulatory anastomosis in the brain?

A

Circle of willis

84
Q

What artery extends anteriorly from the internal carotid arteries?

A

Anterior cerebral arteries

85
Q

What artery extends laterally from the internal carotid arteries?

A

Middle cerebral arteries

86
Q

What artery extends posteriorly from the internal carotid arteries?

A

Posterior cerebral arteries

87
Q

What is the name of the arteries which extend up the brainstem?

A

Vertebral arteries

88
Q

What is the name of the arteries formed by the joining of the 2 vertebral arteries?

A

Basilar artery

89
Q

Which arteries supply each of the pictured territories of the lateral brain?

A

Blue = anterior cerebral artery

Pink = middle cerebral artery

Green = posterior cerebral artery

90
Q

Which arteries supply each of the coloured territories of the pictured brain?

A

Blue = anterior cerebral artery

Pink = middle cerebral artery

Green = posterior cerebral artery

91
Q

Where does blood from the brain drain to?

A

Drains into a system of dural venous sinuses -> dural venous sinuses then drain into the internal jugular vein

3rd Year - Neurology (17 decks)

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