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3rd Year - Neurology > Gross Anatomy 5 - Anatomy of Space Occupying Lesions > Flashcards

Gross Anatomy 5 - Anatomy of Space Occupying Lesions Flashcards

1
Q

What effect does a space occupying lesion have on the intracranial pressure?

A

Causes it to rise

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2
Q

What are the 5 layers of the scalp?

A 
Skin
Connective tissue
Aponeurosis
Loose connective tissue
Pericranium
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3
Q

Why do scalp lacerations and incisions often bleed excessively?

A

The scalp arteries form a rich anastomotic network just deep to the skin

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4
Q

What type of joints are sutures?

A

Fibrous joints

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5
Q

What is the purpose of sutures of the skull?

A

Prevent skull fractures from spreading

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6
Q

What does the common carotid artery branch into?

A

Internal and external carotid artery

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7
Q

Which artery branches to supply part of the scalp?

A

External carotid artery

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8
Q

Which artery does the ophthalmic artery branch from?

A

Internal carotid artery

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9
Q

What is the name of the H-shaped suture in the skull where the frontal, parietal, temporal and sphenoid bone come together?

A

Pterion

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10
Q

What is the thinnest part of the skull?

A

Pterion

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11
Q

What artery courses over the deep aspect of the pterion?

A

Middle meningeal artery

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12
Q

Which bone is the optic canal located in?

A

Sphenoid bone

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13
Q

What bones is the sigmoid sinus located between?

A

Temporal and occipital bones

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14
Q

What is the name of the median ridge of bone that projects from the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone?

A

Crista galli

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15
Q

What are the meninges?

A

Protective coverings for the brain and spinal cord

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16
Q

What are the 3 layers of meninges?

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

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17
Q

What is the name of the space located between the arachnoid mater and pia mater?

A

Subarachnoid space

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18
Q

Describe the strength of the dura mater?

A

Tough/ fibrous

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19
Q

Sensory nerve supply to the dura mater?

A

CN V

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20
Q

Which of the meninges encloses the dural venous sinuses?

A

Dura mater

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21
Q

What makes up the arachnoid mater and what do these do?

A

Arachnoid granulations

Reabsorb CSF

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22
Q

What does the subarachnoid space contain?

A

Circulating CSF

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23
Q

Which of the meningeal layers is adherent to the brain and blood vessels and nerves entering or leaving the brain?

A

Pia mater

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24
Q

What is the dura mater adherent to?

A

The internal aspects of all of the bones of the skull

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25
Q

What is the name of the tough sheet of dura mater “tenting” over the cerebellum?

A

Tentorium cerebelli

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26
Q

Where does the tentorium cerebelli attach to?

A

The ridges of the petrous temporal bones

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27
Q

What is the purpose of the central gap in the tentorium cerebelli?

A

To permit the brainstem to pass through

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28
Q

What is the name of the tough sheet of dura mater forming a roof (diaphragm) over the pituitary fossa?

A

Diaphragm sellae

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29
Q

What is the name of the midline structure of dura mater?

A

Falx cerebri

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30
Q

What does the falx cerebri attach to anteriorly?

A

Crista galli of the ethmoid bone

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31
Q

What does the falx cerebri attach to superiorly?

A

Sagittal suture

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32
Q

What does the falx cerebri attach to posteriorly?

A

Internal occipital protruberance

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33
Q

What venous drainage structure runs across the superior midline aspect of the skull?

A

Superior sagittal sinus

34
Q

What venous drainage structure shadows the superior sagittal sinus but lower?

A

Inferior sagittal sinus

35
Q

What structures drain venous blood from the brain into dural venous sinuses?

A

Cerebral veins

36
Q

What S-shaped sinus does the superior and inferior sagittal sinuses drain into?

A

Sigmoid sinus

37
Q

What do the sigmoid sinuses drain to?

Where does this occur

A

The internal jugular vein at the jugular foramen

38
Q

Where does the confluence of sinuses occur (where they drain into the sigmoid sinus?

A

In the midline at the internal occipital protuberance, which is deep to the external occipital protuberance

39
Q

What is the danger triangle of the face associated with?

A

Potential for venous spread of infection from superficial to deep

40
Q

what does the braciocephalic trunk divide into?

A

Right common carotid and right subclavian arteries

41
Q

What is the first branch of the right subclavian artery?

A

Right vertebral artery

42
Q

Where does the vertebral artery pass?

A

Through the transverse foraminae in the cervical vertebrae then through the foramen magnum to enter the cranial cavity

43
Q

Where does the external carotid artery pass in relation to the cranial cavity and what does it supply?

A

Remains external to cranial cavity to supply neck, face and scalp

44
Q

Where does the internal carotid artery pass in relation to the cranial cavity and what does it supply?

A

Becomes internal to cranial cavity via the carotid canal to supply the brain

45
Q

What artery supplies the medial/ anterior aspect of the right cerebral hemisphere?

A

Right anterior cerebral artery

46
Q

What is the name of the artery that passes between the internal carotid artery and posterior cerebral artery?

A

Posterior communicating artery

47
Q

What is the name of the artery that supplies the posterior aspect of the right cerebral hemisphere including the visual cortex?

A

Right posterior cerebral artery

48
Q

What is the name of the artery formed from the joining of the vertebral arteries at the pons?

A

Basilar artery

49
Q

Name of the artery that supplies the lateral anterior aspect of the left cerebral hemisphere?

A

Left middle cerebral artery

50
Q

How much CSF do you produce per day?

A

400-500 mls

51
Q

Where is CSF produced?

A

Inside the brain by the choroid plexus of the ventricles

52
Q

Where is CSF reabsorbed?

A

In the dural venous sinuses via arachnoid granulations

53
Q

What disc levels should you perform lumbar puncture at?

A

L3/4 (or if need be L4/5)

54
Q

Where does the subarachnoid space end/ closes inferiorly?

A

At the level of the S2 part of the sacrum

55
Q

What is the name of the ventricle located within the right cerebral hemisphere?

A

Right lateral ventricle

56
Q

What is the name of the ventricle located within the midline within the diencephalon?

A

3rd ventricle

57
Q

What is the name of the channel that connects the third and fourth ventricles in the midline?

A

Cerebral aqueduct

58
Q

Where is the 4th ventricle located?

A

between the cerebellum and pons

59
Q

What is the name of the channel which travels down the spinal cord and is continuous with the 4th ventricle?

A

Central canal of the spinal cord

60
Q

What is the choroid plexus?

A

Epithelium/ modified pia located in the lateral and third ventricles

61
Q

What are the names of the channels that connect the right and left lateral ventricles?

A

Right and left foraminae of monro

62
Q

How is CSF reabsorbed from the subarachnoid space?

A

Via the arachnoid granulations into the dural venous sinuses

63
Q

What is hydrocephalus?

A

Name for excessive fluid on the brain - can be caused by excessive production, obstruction to flow or inadequate reabsorption of CSF

64
Q

Where does bleeding from an extradural haemorrhage occur?

A

Between the bone and dura

65
Q

What causes an extradural haemorrhage?

A

Ruptured middle meningeal artery from trauma to the pterion

66
Q

What effect does a subdural haemorrhage have on the meningeal layers?

A

Separates the dura from the arachnoid

67
Q

What causes a subdural haemorrhage?

A

Torn cerebral veins e.g. in falls in the elderly and those with drinking problems

68
Q

What causes a subarachnoid haemorrhage?

A

Ruptured circle of willis (berry) aneurysm

69
Q

What does the epidural space contain?

A

Fat and veins

70
Q

Is the epidural space superficial or deep to the dura mater?

A

Superficial

71
Q

What can damage to the extradural venous plexus cause?

A

Epidural haematoma compressing the spinal cord or caudal equina

72
Q

What does the cauda equina consist of?

A

All the L2-Co spinal nerve roots descending towards their respective intervertebral foraminae

73
Q

At what vertebral level does the subarachnoid space end?

A

S2

74
Q

Name the 4 types of supratentorial herniation?

A

Cingulate (subfalcine)
Central
Uncal
Transcalvarial

75
Q

What type of supratentoiral herniation involves the innermost part of the frontal lobe scraping under part of the fall cerebri?

A

Cingulate (subfalcine)

76
Q

What type of supratentorial herniation involves downwards movement of the thalamic region through the opening of the tentorium cerebelli?

A

Central

77
Q

What type of supratentorial herniation involves the uncut (medial part) of the temporal lobe herniating inferior to the tentorium cerebelli?

A

Uncal

78
Q

What type of supratentorial herniation involves displacement of the brain through a defect in the skull, such as a fracture site?

A

Transcalvarial

79
Q

What type of infratentorial herniation involves upwards transtentorial herniation of the posterior fossa contents?

A

Upwards

80
Q

What type of infratentorial herniation involves the cerebellar tonsils herniating into the foramen magnum?

A

Downward aka tonsillar herniation

81
Q

What sign can compression of the oculomotor nerve by an uncal herniation lead to?

A

Ipsilateral fixed dilated pupil

3rd Year - Neurology (17 decks)

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