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Personality theories Flashcards

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1
Q

Psychoanalytic theory of personality

A

Idea that personality is composed of three elements known as the id, the ego, and the superego.

Freud believed psychological distress and dysfunction are the result of unresolved unconscious conflicts, imbalance in one’s personality structure, fixation in a psychosexual stage of development

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2
Q

Trait-based theories of personality

A

Suggests that people have strong certain basic traits that account for personality differences.

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3
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

inventing and developing the technique of psychoanalysis and created the psychoanalytic theory

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4
Q

Freud’s levels of Consciousness

A

Conscious
Preconscious
Unconscious

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5
Q

Conscious

A

consists of anything that could potentially be brought into the conscious mind

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6
Q

Preconscious

A

contains all of the thoughts, memories, feelings, and wishes of which we are aware at any given moment.

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7
Q

Unconscious

A

reservoir of feelings, thoughts, urges, and memories that are outside of our conscious awareness.

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8
Q

Id

A

entirely unconscious and includes instinctive and primitive behaviors.

The id is driven by the pleasure principle, which strives for immediate gratification of all desires, wants, and needs

Functions in the unconscious mind

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9
Q

Superego

A

Begins around age 5

holds the internalized moral standards and ideals that we acquire from our parents and society (our sense of right and wrong)

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10
Q

Ego

A

According to Freud, the ego develops from the id and ensures that the impulses of the id can be expressed in a manner acceptable in the real world.

The ego functions in the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious mind.

The ego operates based on the reality principle, which strives to satisfy the id’s desires in realistic and socially appropriate ways.

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10
Q

Freud’s psychosexual stages of development

A

Freud believed that personality developed through a series of childhood stages in which the pleasure-seeking energies of the id become focused on certain erogenous areas.

The five stages are
Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latent
Genital

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11
Q

Oral stage

A

Birth to 1 year

the infant’s primary source of interaction occurs through the mouth, so the rooting and sucking reflex is especially important. The mouth is vital for eating, and the infant derives pleasure from oral stimulation through gratifying activities such as tasting and sucking.

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12
Q

Fixation

A

having attachments to people or things that persist from childhood to adulthood’

This can result in individuals having problems with dependency or aggression. It can also result in problems with drinking, eating, smoking or nail biting

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12
Q

Anal Stage

A

1 to 3 years

During the anal stage, Freud believed that the primary focus of the libido was on controlling bladder and bowel movements.

Primary Conflict: Toilet training, child has to learn bodily needs

Effects: If they are supported during this time, they feel a sense of control and accomplishment. If they are shamed for accidents, they can have a messy, wasteful or destructive personality

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13
Q

Phallic Stage

A

primary focus of the libido is on the genitals.

Views their fathers as rival for the mother’s affection.

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14
Q

Oedipus complex

A

The Oedipus complex describes these feelings of wanting to possess the mother and the desire to replace the father.

Happens during phallic stage

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15
Q

Electra complex

A

3 to 6 years
describes these feelings of wanting to possess the father and the desire to replace the mother.

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16
Q

Latency period

A

6 to 12 years

Children develop social skills, values, and relationships with peers and adults outside of the family.

The superego continues to develop and the id’s energies are suppressed

People who are stuck in this phase can result in immaturity and an inability to form fulfilling relationships as an adult

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17
Q

Genital

A

Occurs puberty onward

During the final stage of psychosexual development, the individual develops a strong sexual interest in the opposite sex. This stage begins during puberty but last throughout the rest of a person’s life.

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18
Q

Defense mechanisms

A

behaviors that people use to separate themselves from unpleasant events, actions, or thoughts

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19
Q

Compensation

A

Disliking an aspect of ourselves and making efforts to compensate it

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20
Q

Denial

A

Refusing to accept a painful reality, facts or something about ourselves

21
Q

Displacement

A

Directing strong feelings onto a person or object that doesn’t feel threatening

22
Q

Identification

A

Conscious modeling of other person’s values, attitudes or behaviors

23
Q

Introjection

A

Conforming/accepting standards to be true to avoid scrutiny

24
Q

Projection

A

Projecting faults and negative self-beliefs and concepts onto others

25
Q

Reaction formation

A

Adopting behaviors or feelings that are exactly the opposite of one’s true feelings

26
Q

Rationalization

A

Justifying a behavior by presenting reasons which sound logical

27
Q

Regression

A

Retreating to infantile defenses and behaviors so life feels less threatening

28
Q

Repression

A

Consciously pushing feelings or thoughts away in order to not feel them

29
Q

Ritual and undoing

A

Trying to undo a negative behavior by masking it with a positive one

30
Q

Sublimation

A

Satisfying an impulse or negative behavior with a socially acceptable one

31
Q

Personality

A

unique patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that distinguish a person from others

32
Q

Personality psychologist

A

seek to understand and describe the psychological uniqueness of individuals, exploring how people differ from one another and what factors contribute to these differences

33
Q

Trait vs State

A

state is a temporary way of being (i.e., thinking, feeling, behaving, and relating) while a trait tends to be a more stable and enduring characteristic or pattern of behavior.

34
Q

Gordon Allport

A

Created trait theory of personality

35
Q

Cardinal traits

A

Rare traits that dominate an individual’s entire personality

36
Q

Central traits

A

Common traits that make up our personalities. Traits such as kindness, honesty, and friendliness are all examples of central traits.

37
Q

Secondary traits

A

Variable traits that usually differ for you depending on circumstances. An example of a secondary trait would be getting nervous before delivering a speech to a large group of people.

38
Q

Trait theory of personality

A

organized thousands of different traits into three different categories

Cardinal traits
Central traits
Secondary traits

39
Q

Hans Eyesenck

A

proposed a theory of personality based on biological factors, arguing that individuals inherit a type of nervous system that affects their ability to learn and adapt to the environment.

Proposed Extroversion/Introversion, Neuroticism, Psychoticism

40
Q

Eysenck theory of personality

A

Three broad categories
Extroversion/Introversion
Neuroticism
Psychoticism

41
Q

Neuroticism

A

Highest form of emotional instability

Neurotic people are those who react exaggeratedly more frequently and find it difficult to return to a normal level of emotional activation

42
Q

Extraversion-Introversion

A

People with higher scores in extraversion have greater traits of sociability, impulsiveness, lack of inhibitions, vitality, optimism, and ingenuity

Introverted people are generally more tranquil, passive, are less social, and more pessimistic

43
Q

Psychoticism

A

Vulnerable to impulsiveness, aggressiveness, and lack of empathy
Often insensitive, antisocial, violent, aggressive, and extravagant.

People with this level can have various mental disorders

44
Q

The Big 5 model

A

Openness, Conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

45
Q

Openness

A

Those who are more open tend to be more willing to listen to multiple viewpoints or try new things

46
Q

Conscientiousness

A

Those who are more conscientious tend to be more self-disciplined and persistent

47
Q

Extroversion

A

sociability, assertiveness, emotional expression

48
Q

Agreeableness

A

cooperative, trustworthy, good-natured

49
Q

Neuroticism

A

Tendency toward unstable emotions

50
Q

Robert McCrae
Paul Costa

A

Created the 5 five model

51
Q

Raymond Cattell

A

16 factors or dimensions of personality: warmth, reasoning, emotional stability, dominance, liveliness, rule-consciousness, social boldness, sensitivity, vigilance, abstractedness, privateness, apprehension, openness to change, self-reliance, perfectionism, and tension

Psychology (12 decks)

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