Chapter 6 Memory

Question 1

Memory

Answer 1

The system that retains information and bring it to mind

Question 2

Memory encoding

Answer 2

Process of converting information to a form that can be stored in the memory

Question 3

Three Basic Processes of Memory

Answer 3

Encoding, Storage, Retrieval of information

Question 4

Memory storage

Answer 4

Retaining information in memory

Question 5

Memory Retrieval

Answer 5

Information saved to memory is recalled unconsciously or consciously

Question 5

Memory retrieval

Answer 5

Information saved in memory is recalled

Question 6

Retrieval cues

Answer 6

Stimuli that help people retrieve memories

Question 7

Sensory memory

Answer 7

Memory system for storing sensory information for a very short period of time

Question 8

Sensory register

Answer 8

Temporary storage device for holding sensory memories

Question 9

Iconic memory

Answer 9

Storage for visual memory that allows a person to visualize an image after the stimulus is not present

Question 10

Eidetic imagery (photographic memory)

Answer 10

Mental representation of a visual image

Question 11

Echoic memory

Answer 11

A sensory store for holding a mental representation of a sound for a few seconds after it registers in the ears

Question 12

Short-term memory

Answer 12

Storage system for retaining and processing information for a maximum of 30 seconds

Question 13

Chunking

Answer 13

Remembering information by separating it into small groups or chunks

Question 14

Maintenance rehearsal

Answer 14

Extend short term memory through repetition

Question 15

Long-term memory

Answer 15

Storage system that allows you to retain information for periods of time beyond the capacity of short-term memory

Question 16

Consolidation

Answer 16

Process by which the brain converts unstable, fresh memories into stable, long term memories

Question 17

Elaborative rehearsal

Answer 17

involves thinking about the meaning of the information and connecting it to other information already stored in memory

Question 18

Semantic network model

Answer 18

conceptual model of how LTM is organized that holds information

Question 19

Levels of Processing theory

Answer 19

Says that the level of which information is processed determines how well or long information is stored in memory

Question 20

Declarative memory

Answer 20

Memory of facts and personal information that requires a conscious effort to bring to mind

Question 21

Semantic memory

Answer 21

Memory of facts and general information

Question 22

Episodic memory

Answer 22

Memory of personal information that constitutes story of life

Question 22

Retrospective memory

Answer 22

Memory of your past experiences

Question 23

Prospective memory

Answer 23

Memory of things one plans to do in the future

Question 24

Procedural memory

Answer 24

Memory of how to do things that require motor skills

Question 25

Implicit memory

Answer 25

Memory accessed without conscious effort

Question 26

Constructionist theory

Answer 26

Theory that holds that memory is a representation of the past

Question 27

Flashbulb memories

Answer 27

Memories of emotionally charged events that seem permanently seared into the brain

Question 28

Misinformation effect

Answer 28

A form of memory distortion that affects eyewitness testimony and is caused by misinformation provided during the retention interval

Question 29

Decay theory

Answer 29

Belief that memories consist of traces laid down in the brain that gradually deteriorates and fades away over time.

Question 30

Savings method

Answer 30

Method of testing memory retention by comparing the numbers of trials needed to learn material with the number of trials needed to relearn materials at a later time

Question 31

Massed vs spaced practice

Answer 31

People retain more information when they space their study sessions, than when they cram them together within a single day

Question 32

Interference theory

Answer 32

The belief that forgetting is the result of interference of memories with each other

Question 33

Retroactive interference

Answer 33

New memories interfere with old memories

Question 34

Proactive interference

Answer 34

Old memory interferes with new memory

Question 35

Overlearning

Answer 35

Practicing to the point where you can recall the memory perfectly

Question 36

Serial position effect

Answer 36

Tendency to recall first and last names in a list

Question 37

Primacy effect

Answer 37

Tendency to recall items better than when they are first learned

Question 38

Recency effect

Answer 38

Tendency to recall items better when they are learned last is called the recency effect

Question 39

Retrieval theory

Answer 39

The belief that forgetting is the result of a failure to access stored memories

Question 40

tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Answer 40

An experience in which people are sure they know something but cannot seem to bring it to mind

Question 41

Repression

Answer 41

In Freudian theory, defense mechanism where anxiety provoking memories are blocked

Question 42

Free recall

Answer 42

Recall task in which individuals are asked to recall as much information as they can about a particular topic in any order

Question 43

Recognition task

Answer 43

Method of measuring memory retention that assesses the ability to select the correct answer from among a range of alternative answers Multiple choice

Question 44

Amnesia

Answer 44

Loss of memory

Question 45

Retrograde amnesia

Answer 45

Loss of memory of past events

Question 46

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 46

Loss or impairment of the ability to form or store new memories

Question 47

Engram

Answer 47

A physical trace or etching in the brain where he believed a memory is stored

Question 48

Neuronal networks

Answer 48

Memory circuits in the brain that consist of complicated networks of nerve cells

Question 49

Hippocampus

Answer 49

Responsible for laying down episodic memory, declarative memories and semantic memories

Question 50

Amygdala

Answer 50

Involved in encoding and storing emotional experiences, such as fear and anger