Personality Disorders (Textbook) Flashcards
Milton’s 3 criteria for personality disorders
- Rigid and inflexible behaviour
- Vicious cycles of self-defeating behaviour
- Structural instability (sense of self that cracks under conditions of stress)
general personality disorder
- A new DSM-5 category that reflects establishing whether a personality disorder first exists in general and then evaluating whether the criteria of a specific personality can also be applied
- AKA: Personality Disorder Not Otherwise Specified
what trait needs further attention for a potential disorder category in the future?
- Perfectionism (Hewitt’s research)
- - unique and persistent
personality models
- Big 5: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism
- HEXACO: Honesty-Humility, Emotionality, eXtraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Openness
- DSM-5 AMPD: negative affect, detachment, antagonism, disinhibition, psychoticism
which personality disorder cluster has greatest stability over time?
Cluster B - Dramatic/Erratic
2 key issues re: self-report measures of personality disorders
- various measures aren’t equivalent
- cut-off points often overestimate the amount of people with the disorder
most prevalent personality disorders amongst students
- Obsessive-Compulsive PD
- Paranoid PD
- Narcissism is also increasing
potential 4th personality disorder cluster
Obsession and Inhibition
etiology of disorders (cluster 1, Bipolar, Borderline, Narcissistic, cluster 3)
- odd/eccentric cluster: higher rate for people related to others with schizophrenia
- bipolar disorders: adverse childhood experiences (object-relations theory), genetic component (runs in families), genetic element and invalidating family (Linehan’s diathesis-stress theory)
- borderline disorders: familial preoccupation with sex; seductive parents (psychoanalytic view)
- narcissism: parents not being empathetic to children, overshadowing their successes, etc.
- anxious/fearful cluster: overprotective/authoritarian parenting style, attachment issues, fear modelling, fixation at anal stage
Pathological Narcissism Inventory
Assesses:
- Narcissistic Grandiosity (entitlement, rage, etc.)
- Narcissistic Vulnerability (contingent self-esteem, hiding the self, etc.)
Dark Triad and Dark Tetrad
- Triad: Narcissism, psychopathy, and Machiavellianism
- Tetrad: Narcissism, psychopathy, Machiavellianism, sadism
psychopathy
- similar to ASPD -> all psychopaths have ASPD, but not all with ASPD are psychopaths
- shallow emotions
- no sense of shame or anxiety -> lack of remorse
- superficial charm
- manipulative and exploitative
- impulsive
- not responsive to punishment
PCLR
- developed by Robert Hare
- Factor 1: emotional detachment (selfish, exploitative, etc.)
- Factor 2: Unstable/antisocial (impulsive, irresponsible, etc.)
etiology of psychopathy
- genetics, issues with PFC and amygdala, reduced gray matter -> seen as neurodevelopmental disorder
- lack of parental affection -> severe familial rejection; abuse
- diathesis important -> genetics + adversive experiences
- less anxiety, less response to aversive/fearful stimuli
