History of Psychopathology Flashcards
1
Q
2 core paradigms/conceptions
A
- Demonological Perspective (demons/spirits invade people, causing them to behave in abnormal ways)
- Natural Perspective (abnormal behaviour caused by processes in human body)
- Historically, shifted from demonological -> natural -> demonological -> natural
2
Q
2 models within demonological paradigm
A
- Evil spirits (early): trephining done to attempt to allow for escape of evil spirit from person’s mind (drilling hole in skull) -> continued because it worked -> behaviour falls in line to avoid painful “treatment”/punishment (still continues today)
- Demonic possession (later): influenced by Catholicism; demon possessed body because it was comfortable environment -> treatment: making body uncomfortable (burning, exorcism); believed demons possessed bodies of those who were involved in demonic stuff -> shift of perspective (blaming people for abnormal behaviour)
3
Q
2 models within natural paradigm
A
- Somatogenesis (diseased processes within the body - ex. Hippocrates’ Hydraulic Model)
- Moon/heavens (Paracelcus - moon impacts abnormal behaviour, not spirits; full moon causes abnormal behaviour - “lunatic”) -> not the case: no association between moon and behaviour (except planting crops by full moon), but people still believe there is due to confirmation bias
4
Q
Hippocrates’ Hydraulic Model
A
- Hippocrates identified 4 liquids/humours that you’re supposed to have in perfect balance in order to have perfect health – problems occur when 1 or more humours are out of balance; created treatments to try to balance levels of fluids (ie. Bloodletting):
- Black bile: depression
- Yellow bile: tension/anxiety
- Phlegm: dull, sluggishness
- Blood: manic/mood swings
- Nowadays we try to balance levels of NTs
- Also suggested removing people from chaotic environments would correct fluids – that idea is still with us today
5
Q
Malleus Maleficarum
A
- book about diagnosing people (typically those thought to be mentally ill) as witches, resp. for millions of deaths by burning
- Terror theory: one of the most terrifying things is to get closer to death
- People went in league with the devil for eternal life -> test for witch was to try to drown them (if they drowned, not a witch -> if they survived, witch -> burn)
6
Q
Asylums
A
- designed to be tranquil -> taking people out of chaotic lives to help them improve; BUT overcrowding occurred, creating a crazy/chaotic environment (Bethlehem -> “bedlam”)
- People paid fees to look at crazy people (manic, bipolar) -> financed asylum
- Pinel: released asylum patients to community/families
- Various “treatments”: spinning, restraining, removal of sensory stimuli, hollow wheel, bloodletting, etc.
7
Q
Hippocrates’ 3 categories of mental disorders (T)
A
- mania
- melancholia
- phrenitis (brain fever)
8
Q
Influence of Philippe Pinel (T)
A
- primary figure in movement for humanitarian treatment of mentally ill in asylums
- more compassionate care; released into the community/to their families
- however, still classist (good care only for high-class people)
9
Q
Moral Treatment (T)
A
- influenced by compassionate treatment of Pinel and Tuke
- patients had close contact with attendants, who read to them and encouraged them to engage in purposeful activity
- patients led as close to normal lives as possible
10
Q
Dorothea Dix (T)
A
- campaigned to improve conditions for people with mental illness after moral treatment declined
- wanted early detection and treatment (continues today)
11
Q
2 trends in asylum development in Canada (T)
A
- Asylums meant that provisions for physically ill people, criminals, etc. were different from the mentally ill
- Asylums led to segregation from the larger community
12
Q
Deinstitutionalization in Canada (T)
A
- shifting care from private hospitals to the community
- SK began the process, followed by AB, BC, ON, NS
- Led to discharged people living lives of poverty -> homeless, prison, etc.
13
Q
Transinstitutionalization in Canada (T)
A
- decrease of beds in psychiatric institutions, but increase in beds in psychiatric units of general hospitals
14
Q
Forensic Hospitals (T)
A
- for people who have been arrested but judged unable to stand trail due to a mental disorder
- treatment of some kind takes place here while they serve out prison sentence
15
Q
Role of Provincial Psychiatric Hospitals (T)
A
- “tertiary” (provide care for people whose needs are too complex for community care)
- role is becoming increasingly minimized
16
Q
Community Treatment Orders (T)
A
- legal tool issued by a medical practicioner establishing conditions under which a mentally ill person may life in the community
- ex. requirements for treatment compliance
17
Q
General Paresis (T)
A
Mental illness characterized by paralysis and “insanity” that typically led to death within five years. Now known to be caused by syphilis of the brain
18
Q
Germ Theory of Disease (T)
A
- the view that disease is caused by infection of the body by minute organisms
- helped discover cause of syphilis and therefore give somatogenesis more credibility
19
Q
Psychogenesis (T)
A
the view that mental illnesses were due to psychological malfunctions
20
Q
Cathartic Method (T)
A
therapeutic procedure introduced by Breuer and developed further by Freud whereby a patient recalls and relives an earlier emotional catastrophe and re-experiences the tension and unhappiness, the goal being to relieve emotional suffering
21
Q
Dr. Ewen Cameron
A
- Montreal-based psychiatrist in charge of unethical “brainwashing” experiments on psychological patients in the ’50s and ’60s secretly funded by the CIA and Gov. of Canada
- Treatments included massive doses of LSD, electroconvulsive therapy, drug-induced comas for months, psychic driving (scary subliminal messages delivered while patient was on drugs)
