Personality Disorders Flashcards
DSM 5 defines personality disorders as an _______ pattern of inner ________ and behaviour that _____ from the expectations of an individuals _______. Typically has an onset in _________ and is ______ over time, leading to impairment.
enduring pattern of inner experiences and behaviour
deviating from cultural expectations
onset in adolescence and stable over time
leads to impairment
DSM 5 argues that patterns of inner experience have to be manifested by 2 out of what 4 things?
cognitions
affectivity
interpersonal functioning
impulse control
What is the P I M S of personality disorders?
P = Persistent
I = Inflexible
M = Maladaptive
S = Significant impairment
What are the 3 key assumptions of the categorical approach to PDs?
Absolute = Either have it or don’t have it
Distinct = PDs are distinct from each other and from normal personality
No assumptions about underlying structure
What are the 3 key assumptions of the dimensional approach to PDs?
Continuous = Personality manifests on continuous dimensions of traits
Distinct = PDs distinct from normal personality
Extremity = PDs manifest as extreme/maladaptive levels of normal traits
What is Cluster A of the categorical approach - what PDs are in this cluster?
Cluster A = eccentric/odd
containing: paranoia
schizoid
schizotypal
What is Cluster B of the categorical approach - what PDs are in this cluster?
Cluster B = erratic/emotional
containing: antisocial
borderline
histrionic
narcissistic
What is Cluster C of the categorical approach - what PDs are in this cluster?
Cluster C = fearful/anxious
Containing: Avoidant
dependent
Obsessive/compulsive
Apart from cluster A, B or C what are the 2 other categories of personality disorder?
Personality change due to medical condition/physiological change (Phineas gage)
Unspecified PD - individual meets general diagnostic criteria for PDs but doesnt match full criteria for any of the 10 PDs
Cluster A
Paranoid PD refers to ______ and ______ of others across contexts and without ________. List four symptoms.
distrust and suspicion of others across contexts with no basis
such as:
reluctant to confide and doubting trust in friends
suspects others of harming, plotting or deceiving
bears grudges
seeks hidden meanings
Cluster A
Schizoid PD refers to _________ from relationships and __________ emotional expression.
List 4 symptoms
detachment from relationships and restricted emotional expression
such as:
lacks close confidants
does to seek, enjoy or have interest in relationships
prefers solitary activities
emotionally blunt
indifference to praise/criticism
Cluster A
Schizotypal PD refers to _________ with relationships, _________ behavior and ________ perceptions and cognition.
List four symptoms:
detachment with relationships
eccentric behavior
distorted perceptions and cognition
such as: odd beliefs, speech, perceptions of reality
peculiar behaviour
lack of confidants
social anxiety
What similar features do PDs in cluster A all share?
lacking close confidants
Cluster B
Antisocial PD is the pervasive __________ of the ______ of others from at least age ___.
List 4 symptoms
disregard of the rights of others since or before age 15
nonconformity to social norms
lying/deception
recklessness for safety and irresponsibility
irritable/aggressive
Cluster B
Borderline PD is the pervasive ________ of inter-personal ______________, self-________ and affect.
List 4 characteristics:
Borderline PD = pervasive instability of inter-personal relationships, self image and affect
such as :
Impulsivity in pleasures
extreme idealization/devaluation of relationships
recurrent self harm/suicidal gestures
frantic efforts to avoid abandonment
cluster B
Histrionic PD is excessive ____________ and ___________ __________ behaviours.
List 4 characteristics
excessive emotionality and attention seeking
such as:
uncomfortable if not centre of attention
gains attention through physical appearance
perceives relationships more than they are
inappropriately sexual or provocative
self-dramatization
Cluster B
Narcissistic PD is grandiosity, need for ___________ and a lack of _________. List 4 characteristics:
grandiosity, need for admiration and lack of empathy
such as:
preoccupation with fantasies of power
arrogant/self entitled
envious of others and believes others envious of them
What are 3 main similarities shared by PDs in cluster B?
experience of high intensity emotions
impulsive/erratic behaviours
altered perception of others
Cluster C
Avoidant PD is social __________, inadequacy and hypersensitivity to __________ evaluation.
List 4 characteristics:
social inhibition, inadequacy and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation
such as:
avoids interpersonal contact dur to fear of disapproval
pre-occupation with social rejection
views self as socially inept
only involved with people when certain to be liked
Cluster C
Dependent PD is a need to be ______ ______ ___, and ____________ and ______ behaviour. List 4 charactersitics
need to be taken care of and submissive/clingy behavior
such as:
difficulty making decisions without reassurance
difficulty initiating projects
immediately seeks relationships when new one ends
uncomfortability/fear of alone
Cluster C
Obsessive-compulsive PD is pre-occupation with ______, perfection and ________ at the cost of ____________.
List 4 characteristics:
OCD = pre-occupation with order, perfection and control at cost of flexibility
such as:
preoccupied with details
perfectionism hinders completion
unable to discard items
reluctance to delegate
What 2 similarities do cluster C PDs share?
underlying fear/anxiety behind situations
selecting safe situations/maintaining control
Hopwood criticised the overall lack of _______ for the existence of 10 Pds. He argued that there is high _______ of PDs, as well as high within-disorder __________. There are also few validated ___________ provided.
criticised overall lack of evidence for 10 PDs
high comorbidity across PDs as well as high within-disorder heterogeneity
few validated interventions
Marinangelli studied the comorbidity of PDs in a ___________ ward setting. He found what?
and what did he suggest?
high comorbidity in patients in psychiatric ward - highly likely if having one PD to have another
suggested an underlying dimension to PDs
Samuel and Widiger (2008) carried out a meta-analysis of FFM traits/facets and the 10 PDs, and found what 2 things?
Personality disorders have much crossover
personality disorders related to traits
Widiger and Simonsen (2005) proposed what 5 trait dimensions to replace the DSM-5 personality disorders?
extraversion-introversion
antagonism-compliance
constrained-impulsive
negative affect-emotional stability
unconventionality-closed to experience
Kreuger et al empirically validated a dimensional approach with what 5 traits? What is the relation of each trait to the FFM
detachment = absence of E
disinhibition = absence of C
antagonism = absence of A
negative affect = presence of N
Psychoticism
The dimensional categorical hybrid model contains what 5 steps of diagnosis?
- assess impairment in personality functioning
- assess personality traits
3a. apply criteria A and B for specific PDs
3b. relate back to trait disorder - Apply other inclusion/exclusion criteria
What are the main 2 advanatges/evidence for dimensional appraoches to PDs
extends FFM into maladaptive traits - explains how PDs can be extreme high levels of FFM traits
has better clinical utility than categorical approach
