Personality Disorders

Question 1

DSM 5 defines personality disorders as an _______ pattern of inner ________ and behaviour that _____ from the expectations of an individuals _______. Typically has an onset in _________ and is ______ over time, leading to impairment.

Answer 1

enduring pattern of inner experiences and behaviour
deviating from cultural expectations
onset in adolescence and stable over time
leads to impairment

Question 2

DSM 5 argues that patterns of inner experience have to be manifested by 2 out of what 4 things?

Answer 2

cognitions
affectivity
interpersonal functioning
impulse control

Question 3

What is the P I M S of personality disorders?

Answer 3

P = Persistent
I = Inflexible
M = Maladaptive
S = Significant impairment

Question 4

What are the 3 key assumptions of the categorical approach to PDs?

Answer 4

Absolute = Either have it or don’t have it
Distinct = PDs are distinct from each other and from normal personality
No assumptions about underlying structure

Question 5

What are the 3 key assumptions of the dimensional approach to PDs?

Answer 5

Continuous = Personality manifests on continuous dimensions of traits
Distinct = PDs distinct from normal personality
Extremity = PDs manifest as extreme/maladaptive levels of normal traits

Question 5

What is Cluster A of the categorical approach - what PDs are in this cluster?

Answer 5

Cluster A = eccentric/odd
containing: paranoia
schizoid
schizotypal

Question 6

What is Cluster B of the categorical approach - what PDs are in this cluster?

Answer 6

Cluster B = erratic/emotional
containing: antisocial
borderline
histrionic
narcissistic

Question 7

What is Cluster C of the categorical approach - what PDs are in this cluster?

Answer 7

Cluster C = fearful/anxious
Containing: Avoidant
dependent
Obsessive/compulsive

Question 8

Apart from cluster A, B or C what are the 2 other categories of personality disorder?

Answer 8

Personality change due to medical condition/physiological change (Phineas gage)
Unspecified PD - individual meets general diagnostic criteria for PDs but doesnt match full criteria for any of the 10 PDs

Question 9

Cluster A

Paranoid PD refers to ______ and ______ of others across contexts and without ________. List four symptoms.

Answer 9

distrust and suspicion of others across contexts with no basis
such as:
reluctant to confide and doubting trust in friends
suspects others of harming, plotting or deceiving
bears grudges
seeks hidden meanings

Question 10

Cluster A

Schizoid PD refers to _________ from relationships and __________ emotional expression.
List 4 symptoms

Answer 10

detachment from relationships and restricted emotional expression
such as:
lacks close confidants
does to seek, enjoy or have interest in relationships
prefers solitary activities
emotionally blunt
indifference to praise/criticism

Question 11

Cluster A

Schizotypal PD refers to _________ with relationships, _________ behavior and ________ perceptions and cognition.
List four symptoms:

Answer 11

detachment with relationships
eccentric behavior
distorted perceptions and cognition
such as: odd beliefs, speech, perceptions of reality
peculiar behaviour
lack of confidants
social anxiety

Question 12

What similar features do PDs in cluster A all share?

Answer 12

lacking close confidants

Question 13

Cluster B

Antisocial PD is the pervasive __________ of the ______ of others from at least age ___.
List 4 symptoms

Answer 13

disregard of the rights of others since or before age 15
nonconformity to social norms
lying/deception
recklessness for safety and irresponsibility
irritable/aggressive

Question 14

Cluster B

Borderline PD is the pervasive ________ of inter-personal ______________, self-________ and affect.
List 4 characteristics:

Answer 14

Borderline PD = pervasive instability of inter-personal relationships, self image and affect
such as :
Impulsivity in pleasures
extreme idealization/devaluation of relationships
recurrent self harm/suicidal gestures
frantic efforts to avoid abandonment

Question 15

cluster B

Histrionic PD is excessive ____________ and ___________ __________ behaviours.
List 4 characteristics

Answer 15

excessive emotionality and attention seeking
such as:
uncomfortable if not centre of attention
gains attention through physical appearance
perceives relationships more than they are
inappropriately sexual or provocative
self-dramatization

Question 16

Cluster B

Narcissistic PD is grandiosity, need for ___________ and a lack of _________. List 4 characteristics:

Answer 16

grandiosity, need for admiration and lack of empathy
such as:
preoccupation with fantasies of power
arrogant/self entitled
envious of others and believes others envious of them

Question 17

What are 3 main similarities shared by PDs in cluster B?

Answer 17

experience of high intensity emotions
impulsive/erratic behaviours
altered perception of others

Question 18

Cluster C

Avoidant PD is social __________, inadequacy and hypersensitivity to __________ evaluation.
List 4 characteristics:

Answer 18

social inhibition, inadequacy and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation
such as:
avoids interpersonal contact dur to fear of disapproval
pre-occupation with social rejection
views self as socially inept
only involved with people when certain to be liked

Question 19

Cluster C

Dependent PD is a need to be ______ ______ ___, and ____________ and ______ behaviour. List 4 charactersitics

Answer 19

need to be taken care of and submissive/clingy behavior
such as:
difficulty making decisions without reassurance
difficulty initiating projects
immediately seeks relationships when new one ends
uncomfortability/fear of alone

Question 20

Cluster C

Obsessive-compulsive PD is pre-occupation with ______, perfection and ________ at the cost of ____________.
List 4 characteristics:

Answer 20

OCD = pre-occupation with order, perfection and control at cost of flexibility
such as:
preoccupied with details
perfectionism hinders completion
unable to discard items
reluctance to delegate

Question 21

What 2 similarities do cluster C PDs share?

Answer 21

underlying fear/anxiety behind situations
selecting safe situations/maintaining control

Question 22

Hopwood criticised the overall lack of _______ for the existence of 10 Pds. He argued that there is high _______ of PDs, as well as high within-disorder __________. There are also few validated ___________ provided.

Answer 22

criticised overall lack of evidence for 10 PDs
high comorbidity across PDs as well as high within-disorder heterogeneity
few validated interventions

Question 23

Marinangelli studied the comorbidity of PDs in a ___________ ward setting. He found what?
and what did he suggest?

Answer 23

high comorbidity in patients in psychiatric ward - highly likely if having one PD to have another
suggested an underlying dimension to PDs

Question 24

Samuel and Widiger (2008) carried out a meta-analysis of FFM traits/facets and the 10 PDs, and found what 2 things?

Answer 24

Personality disorders have much crossover
personality disorders related to traits

Question 25

Widiger and Simonsen (2005) proposed what 5 trait dimensions to replace the DSM-5 personality disorders?

Answer 25

extraversion-introversion
antagonism-compliance
constrained-impulsive
negative affect-emotional stability
unconventionality-closed to experience

Question 26

Kreuger et al empirically validated a dimensional approach with what 5 traits? What is the relation of each trait to the FFM

Answer 26

detachment = absence of E
disinhibition = absence of C
antagonism = absence of A
negative affect = presence of N
Psychoticism

Question 27

The dimensional categorical hybrid model contains what 5 steps of diagnosis?

Answer 27

1. assess impairment in personality functioning
2. assess personality traits
   3a. apply criteria A and B for specific PDs
   3b. relate back to trait disorder
3. Apply other inclusion/exclusion criteria

Question 28

What are the main 2 advanatges/evidence for dimensional appraoches to PDs

Answer 28

extends FFM into maladaptive traits - explains how PDs can be extreme high levels of FFM traits
has better clinical utility than categorical approach