Pen and RST Flashcards
What were Eysenck’s four main points of evidence for his P.E.N theory?
Biological basis
Psychometric evidence
theoretically plausible
predictive of social issues
Extraverts are ________ seeking, _______ driven and prefer ___________ and stimulation, and spending time with _______.
Introverts prefer _________ and _____ contexts, and spending time _______
Extraverts are sensation seeking, externally drive, excitement and stimulation and time with others
Introverts prefer predictable/quiet contexts, spending time alone
List 4 characteristics of neuroticism?
Possible answers:
emotionally unstable
fearful
anxious
tense
moody
irritable
depressed
Emotionally stable people are ____-________ and quick to return to ________ following a ______ event
even tempered and quick to return to an equilibrium after an event
The psychoticism trait was added later to account for ________________________, Unlike the other 2 traits, psychoticism has a highly _______ distribution.
added to account for additional variance in personality
highly skewed distribution
What are the 3 main brain regions in the P.E.N system?
ARAS and reticular formation
Cortex
Limbic system
What does the ARAS stand for and what does it do?
Ascending Reticular Activation System
Ascending pathways to cortex and descending pathways to spinal cord
controls arousal in cortex
What is the brain circuit associated with extraversion?
Reticulo-Cortical Circuit
Introverts have ____ levels of activity in the ARAS, causing them to seek ____ _______ of stimulation.
Extraverts have _____ levels of activity in the ARAS, causing them to seek situations with ____ stimulation
Introverts - over-active ARAS - causing them to seek low levels of stimulation
Extraverts - low ARAS activity - seek high levels of stimulation
Arousal and performance can be explained in the _____-______ curve. Optimal performance arousal levels _____ in extraverts and introverts.
explained in the Yerkes-Dodson curve
optimal arousal levels differ in extraverts vs introverts
According to Eysenck, people with neuroticism have hypersensitivity in the ____, regulated by the _____ system, causing them to react more strongly to ________ situations.
Neuroticism = hypersensitivity in SNS, regulated by limbic system
react more strongly to threats
Which of these is not a version of the PEN questionnaire used by Eysenck?
A EPI
B EPP
C EPQ-R
D Short-scale EPQ-R
B EPP
The short scale EPQ-R consists of ____ questions covering what 4 domains?
48 questions
12 for E
12 for P
12 for N
12 for social desirability
Eysenck (18985) found good internal consistency for _______ and _______ but not for ________. He also found _________ for all three scales.
good for E and N but not P
orthogonality found
Which of these is true for temporal stability for Extraversion and Neuroticism?
A Extraversion had a consistency of .64 across time
B Neuroticism had a consistency of .64 across time
C Substantial cross sectional age differences were found in women but not men for Neuroticism
D All of the above
D
Neuroticism and Extraversion were both found in __ different animals, suggesting _____-_______ similarity
found in 9 different animals
suggesting cross-species similarity
What 2 quality checks can be done to assess the reliability of trait studies in animals?
Inter-rater reliability
test-retest reliability
Both Barett et al and Caruso et el found _____-_____ evidence for
PEN-L traits
Cross-cultural consistency evidence
Plomin et al found a ___% heritability rate for extraversion and a ___% heritability rate for Neuroticism.
51% for extraversion
46% for neuroticsm
Candidate gene studies select genes of _ _____ _______ and their association with specific traits
associations of genes with existing a priori interest
and specific traits
Genome wide association studies (GWAS) investigate ________ of SNPs across the entire _______
Investigate millions of SNPs across entire genome
Using GWAS, Neuroticism was found to be implicated with what 2 SNPs?
Gene CRHR1 - associated with cortisol and anxiety-like behaviors
Gene GRIK3 highly expressed in post mortem brains of suicides
Mincic et al (2015) found higher neuroticism was associated with increased volume in the __________
A Thalamus
B Hippocampus
C Hypothalamus
D Amygdala
D Amygdala
Wright et al found extraversion was ___________ correlated with cortical thickness in pre-frontal regions, suggesting what for the PEN theory?
extraversion negatively correlated with cortical thickness in pre frontal regions
not necessarily supporting PEN theory of ARAS activation
Other than the lack of support for regions Eysenck identified in the PEN theory, were three other issues with Wright et al (2006) structural MRI study?
small sample size
reliability of measures
gender distribution
Describe Grays RST theory - what is personality?
differences in personality due to extents to which people respond to rewards and punishment
different people have different reactivity to stimuli and situations
People who are more sensitive to rewards learn faster with ______ stimuli, and people more sensitive to punishments learn faster with ______ stimuli
Reward-sensitive people learn faster with pleasant stimuli
punishment-sensitive people learn better with aversive stimuli
The BAS is characterized by ______________________, and may be regulated by _________ and its systems
The BIS is characterized by ________________________, taking up the _____-_______ pathway.
The FFS is characterized by __________ _______ and _____, and is located in the ___.
BAS = approach and impulsivity, maybe regulated by dopamine systems
BIS characterized by anxiety and avoidance, taking up sept-hippocampal pathway
FFS characterized by fear and UCRs, located in SNS
Gray’s model is a ______ ________ anticlockwise _______ on the PEN model
30 degree anti-clockwise rotation on the PEN model
The BIS behaviours of anxiety can be correlated with ___________,and the BAS behaviours of imulsivity can be correlated with ___________.
BIS correlated with Neuroticism
BAS with Extraversion
What are the 3 subscales of BAS in carver and white BAS/BIS questionnaire?
Reward responsiveness
Drive
Fun seeking
What 3 main revisions did Gray and McNaughton add to the RST model?
Added F to FFS (Flight-fight-freeze system)
FFS co0ntains fear of conditioned and Unconditioned stimuli
BIS is about worry, a conflict resolution between the other 2
Carver and White found the test-retest reliabilities of the BIS-BAS questionnaires ranging between ___ and ____, which were _________ but not _____
ranged between 0.59-0.69
acceptable but not good
What were the 5 different countries good internal consistency of the RST have been found in in cross-cultural studies
UK
US
AUS
FRA
ITA
What were three main findings from Barros-Loscertales et al fMRI study on the brain areas associated with BIS and BAS systems?
- Erotic pictures activated BAS/dopamine associated systems, with positive correlation to Sensitivity to reward scores
- Aversive picture conditions activated BIS associated regions- limbic system/amygdala - no correlation with SR scores
- Both picture conditions activated frontal lobe regions
What was the task given to participants in the Barros-Loscertales et al fMRI study on the brain areas associated with BIS and BAS systems?
What were the conditions?
letter discrimination task
neutral, aversive, erotic
