Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

IND DIFF > Pen and RST > Flashcards

Pen and RST Flashcards

1
Q

What were Eysenck’s four main points of evidence for his P.E.N theory?

A

Biological basis
Psychometric evidence
theoretically plausible
predictive of social issues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Extraverts are ________ seeking, _______ driven and prefer ___________ and stimulation, and spending time with _______.
Introverts prefer _________ and _____ contexts, and spending time _______

A

Extraverts are sensation seeking, externally drive, excitement and stimulation and time with others
Introverts prefer predictable/quiet contexts, spending time alone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

List 4 characteristics of neuroticism?

A

Possible answers:

emotionally unstable
fearful
anxious
tense
moody
irritable
depressed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Emotionally stable people are ____-________ and quick to return to ________ following a ______ event

A

even tempered and quick to return to an equilibrium after an event

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The psychoticism trait was added later to account for ________________________, Unlike the other 2 traits, psychoticism has a highly _______ distribution.

A

added to account for additional variance in personality
highly skewed distribution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 3 main brain regions in the P.E.N system?

A

ARAS and reticular formation
Cortex
Limbic system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does the ARAS stand for and what does it do?

A

Ascending Reticular Activation System
Ascending pathways to cortex and descending pathways to spinal cord
controls arousal in cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the brain circuit associated with extraversion?

A

Reticulo-Cortical Circuit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Introverts have ____ levels of activity in the ARAS, causing them to seek ____ _______ of stimulation.
Extraverts have _____ levels of activity in the ARAS, causing them to seek situations with ____ stimulation

A

Introverts - over-active ARAS - causing them to seek low levels of stimulation
Extraverts - low ARAS activity - seek high levels of stimulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Arousal and performance can be explained in the _____-______ curve. Optimal performance arousal levels _____ in extraverts and introverts.

A

explained in the Yerkes-Dodson curve
optimal arousal levels differ in extraverts vs introverts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

According to Eysenck, people with neuroticism have hypersensitivity in the ____, regulated by the _____ system, causing them to react more strongly to ________ situations.

A

Neuroticism = hypersensitivity in SNS, regulated by limbic system
react more strongly to threats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which of these is not a version of the PEN questionnaire used by Eysenck?

A EPI
B EPP
C EPQ-R
D Short-scale EPQ-R

A

B EPP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The short scale EPQ-R consists of ____ questions covering what 4 domains?

A

48 questions
12 for E
12 for P
12 for N
12 for social desirability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Eysenck (18985) found good internal consistency for _______ and _______ but not for ________. He also found _________ for all three scales.

A

good for E and N but not P
orthogonality found

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which of these is true for temporal stability for Extraversion and Neuroticism?

A Extraversion had a consistency of .64 across time
B Neuroticism had a consistency of .64 across time
C Substantial cross sectional age differences were found in women but not men for Neuroticism
D All of the above

A

D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Neuroticism and Extraversion were both found in __ different animals, suggesting _____-_______ similarity

A

found in 9 different animals
suggesting cross-species similarity

16
Q

What 2 quality checks can be done to assess the reliability of trait studies in animals?

A

Inter-rater reliability
test-retest reliability

17
Q

Both Barett et al and Caruso et el found _____-_____ evidence for
PEN-L traits

A

Cross-cultural consistency evidence

18
Q

Plomin et al found a ___% heritability rate for extraversion and a ___% heritability rate for Neuroticism.

A

51% for extraversion
46% for neuroticsm

19
Q

Candidate gene studies select genes of _ _____ _______ and their association with specific traits

A

associations of genes with existing a priori interest
and specific traits

20
Q

Genome wide association studies (GWAS) investigate ________ of SNPs across the entire _______

A

Investigate millions of SNPs across entire genome

21
Q

Using GWAS, Neuroticism was found to be implicated with what 2 SNPs?

A

Gene CRHR1 - associated with cortisol and anxiety-like behaviors
Gene GRIK3 highly expressed in post mortem brains of suicides

22
Q

Mincic et al (2015) found higher neuroticism was associated with increased volume in the __________

A Thalamus
B Hippocampus
C Hypothalamus
D Amygdala

A

D Amygdala

23
Q

Wright et al found extraversion was ___________ correlated with cortical thickness in pre-frontal regions, suggesting what for the PEN theory?

A

extraversion negatively correlated with cortical thickness in pre frontal regions
not necessarily supporting PEN theory of ARAS activation

24
Q

Other than the lack of support for regions Eysenck identified in the PEN theory, were three other issues with Wright et al (2006) structural MRI study?

A

small sample size
reliability of measures
gender distribution

25
Q

Describe Grays RST theory - what is personality?

A

differences in personality due to extents to which people respond to rewards and punishment
different people have different reactivity to stimuli and situations

26
Q

People who are more sensitive to rewards learn faster with ______ stimuli, and people more sensitive to punishments learn faster with ______ stimuli

A

Reward-sensitive people learn faster with pleasant stimuli
punishment-sensitive people learn better with aversive stimuli

27
Q

The BAS is characterized by ______________________, and may be regulated by _________ and its systems
The BIS is characterized by ________________________, taking up the _____-_______ pathway.
The FFS is characterized by __________ _______ and _____, and is located in the ___.

A

BAS = approach and impulsivity, maybe regulated by dopamine systems
BIS characterized by anxiety and avoidance, taking up sept-hippocampal pathway
FFS characterized by fear and UCRs, located in SNS

28
Q

Gray’s model is a ______ ________ anticlockwise _______ on the PEN model

A

30 degree anti-clockwise rotation on the PEN model

29
Q

The BIS behaviours of anxiety can be correlated with ___________,and the BAS behaviours of imulsivity can be correlated with ___________.

A

BIS correlated with Neuroticism
BAS with Extraversion

30
Q

What are the 3 subscales of BAS in carver and white BAS/BIS questionnaire?

A

Reward responsiveness
Drive
Fun seeking

31
Q

What 3 main revisions did Gray and McNaughton add to the RST model?

A

Added F to FFS (Flight-fight-freeze system)
FFS co0ntains fear of conditioned and Unconditioned stimuli
BIS is about worry, a conflict resolution between the other 2

32
Q

Carver and White found the test-retest reliabilities of the BIS-BAS questionnaires ranging between ___ and ____, which were _________ but not _____

A

ranged between 0.59-0.69
acceptable but not good

33
Q

What were the 5 different countries good internal consistency of the RST have been found in in cross-cultural studies

A

UK
US
AUS
FRA
ITA

34
Q

What were three main findings from Barros-Loscertales et al fMRI study on the brain areas associated with BIS and BAS systems?

A
  1. Erotic pictures activated BAS/dopamine associated systems, with positive correlation to Sensitivity to reward scores
  2. Aversive picture conditions activated BIS associated regions- limbic system/amygdala - no correlation with SR scores
  3. Both picture conditions activated frontal lobe regions
35
Q

What was the task given to participants in the Barros-Loscertales et al fMRI study on the brain areas associated with BIS and BAS systems?
What were the conditions?

A

letter discrimination task
neutral, aversive, erotic

IND DIFF (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions