Pen and RST

Question 1

What were Eysenck’s four main points of evidence for his P.E.N theory?

Answer 1

Biological basis
Psychometric evidence
theoretically plausible
predictive of social issues

Question 2

Extraverts are ________ seeking, _______ driven and prefer ___________ and stimulation, and spending time with _______.
Introverts prefer _________ and _____ contexts, and spending time _______

Answer 2

Extraverts are sensation seeking, externally drive, excitement and stimulation and time with others
Introverts prefer predictable/quiet contexts, spending time alone

Question 3

List 4 characteristics of neuroticism?

Answer 3

Possible answers:

emotionally unstable
fearful
anxious
tense
moody
irritable
depressed

Question 4

Emotionally stable people are ____-________ and quick to return to ________ following a ______ event

Answer 4

even tempered and quick to return to an equilibrium after an event

Question 4

The psychoticism trait was added later to account for ________________________, Unlike the other 2 traits, psychoticism has a highly _______ distribution.

Answer 4

added to account for additional variance in personality
highly skewed distribution

Question 5

What are the 3 main brain regions in the P.E.N system?

Answer 5

ARAS and reticular formation
Cortex
Limbic system

Question 6

What does the ARAS stand for and what does it do?

Answer 6

Ascending Reticular Activation System
Ascending pathways to cortex and descending pathways to spinal cord
controls arousal in cortex

Question 7

What is the brain circuit associated with extraversion?

Answer 7

Reticulo-Cortical Circuit

Question 8

Introverts have ____ levels of activity in the ARAS, causing them to seek ____ _______ of stimulation.
Extraverts have _____ levels of activity in the ARAS, causing them to seek situations with ____ stimulation

Answer 8

Introverts - over-active ARAS - causing them to seek low levels of stimulation
Extraverts - low ARAS activity - seek high levels of stimulation

Question 9

Arousal and performance can be explained in the _____-______ curve. Optimal performance arousal levels _____ in extraverts and introverts.

Answer 9

explained in the Yerkes-Dodson curve
optimal arousal levels differ in extraverts vs introverts

Question 10

According to Eysenck, people with neuroticism have hypersensitivity in the ____, regulated by the _____ system, causing them to react more strongly to ________ situations.

Answer 10

Neuroticism = hypersensitivity in SNS, regulated by limbic system
react more strongly to threats

Question 11

Which of these is not a version of the PEN questionnaire used by Eysenck?

A EPI
B EPP
C EPQ-R
D Short-scale EPQ-R

Answer 11

B EPP

Question 12

The short scale EPQ-R consists of ____ questions covering what 4 domains?

Answer 12

48 questions
12 for E
12 for P
12 for N
12 for social desirability

Question 13

Eysenck (18985) found good internal consistency for _______ and _______ but not for ________. He also found _________ for all three scales.

Answer 13

good for E and N but not P
orthogonality found

Question 14

Which of these is true for temporal stability for Extraversion and Neuroticism?

A Extraversion had a consistency of .64 across time
B Neuroticism had a consistency of .64 across time
C Substantial cross sectional age differences were found in women but not men for Neuroticism
D All of the above

Answer 14

D

Question 15

Neuroticism and Extraversion were both found in __ different animals, suggesting _____-_______ similarity

Answer 15

found in 9 different animals
suggesting cross-species similarity

Question 16

What 2 quality checks can be done to assess the reliability of trait studies in animals?

Answer 16

Inter-rater reliability
test-retest reliability

Question 17

Both Barett et al and Caruso et el found _____-_____ evidence for
PEN-L traits

Answer 17

Cross-cultural consistency evidence

Question 18

Plomin et al found a ___% heritability rate for extraversion and a ___% heritability rate for Neuroticism.

Answer 18

51% for extraversion
46% for neuroticsm

Question 19

Candidate gene studies select genes of _ _____ _______ and their association with specific traits

Answer 19

associations of genes with existing a priori interest
and specific traits

Question 20

Genome wide association studies (GWAS) investigate ________ of SNPs across the entire _______

Answer 20

Investigate millions of SNPs across entire genome

Question 21

Using GWAS, Neuroticism was found to be implicated with what 2 SNPs?

Answer 21

Gene CRHR1 - associated with cortisol and anxiety-like behaviors
Gene GRIK3 highly expressed in post mortem brains of suicides

Question 22

Mincic et al (2015) found higher neuroticism was associated with increased volume in the __________

A Thalamus
B Hippocampus
C Hypothalamus
D Amygdala

Answer 22

D Amygdala

Question 23

Wright et al found extraversion was ___________ correlated with cortical thickness in pre-frontal regions, suggesting what for the PEN theory?

Answer 23

extraversion negatively correlated with cortical thickness in pre frontal regions
not necessarily supporting PEN theory of ARAS activation

Question 24

Other than the lack of support for regions Eysenck identified in the PEN theory, were three other issues with Wright et al (2006) structural MRI study?

Answer 24

small sample size reliability of measures gender distribution

Question 25

Describe Grays RST theory - what is personality?

Answer 25

differences in personality due to extents to which people respond to rewards and punishment different people have different reactivity to stimuli and situations

Question 26

People who are more sensitive to rewards learn faster with ______ stimuli, and people more sensitive to punishments learn faster with ______ stimuli

Answer 26

Reward-sensitive people learn faster with pleasant stimuli punishment-sensitive people learn better with aversive stimuli

Question 27

The BAS is characterized by ______________________, and may be regulated by _________ and its systems The BIS is characterized by ________________________, taking up the _____-_______ pathway. The FFS is characterized by __________ _______ and _____, and is located in the ___.

Answer 27

BAS = approach and impulsivity, maybe regulated by dopamine systems BIS characterized by anxiety and avoidance, taking up sept-hippocampal pathway FFS characterized by fear and UCRs, located in SNS

Question 28

Gray's model is a ______ ________ anticlockwise _______ on the PEN model

Answer 28

30 degree anti-clockwise rotation on the PEN model

Question 29

The BIS behaviours of anxiety can be correlated with ___________,and the BAS behaviours of imulsivity can be correlated with ___________.

Answer 29

BIS correlated with Neuroticism BAS with Extraversion

Question 30

What are the 3 subscales of BAS in carver and white BAS/BIS questionnaire?

Answer 30

Reward responsiveness Drive Fun seeking

Question 31

What 3 main revisions did Gray and McNaughton add to the RST model?

Answer 31

Added F to FFS (Flight-fight-freeze system) FFS co0ntains fear of conditioned and Unconditioned stimuli BIS is about worry, a conflict resolution between the other 2

Question 32

Carver and White found the test-retest reliabilities of the BIS-BAS questionnaires ranging between ___ and ____, which were _________ but not _____

Answer 32

ranged between 0.59-0.69 acceptable but not good

Question 33

What were the 5 different countries good internal consistency of the RST have been found in in cross-cultural studies

Answer 33

UK US AUS FRA ITA

Question 34

What were three main findings from Barros-Loscertales et al fMRI study on the brain areas associated with BIS and BAS systems?

Answer 34

1. Erotic pictures activated BAS/dopamine associated systems, with positive correlation to Sensitivity to reward scores 2. Aversive picture conditions activated BIS associated regions- limbic system/amygdala - no correlation with SR scores 3. Both picture conditions activated frontal lobe regions

Question 35

What was the task given to participants in the Barros-Loscertales et al fMRI study on the brain areas associated with BIS and BAS systems? What were the conditions?

Answer 35

letter discrimination task neutral, aversive, erotic