Intro

Question 1

What were Kluchohn and Murray’s 3 levels of personality analysis?

Answer 1

Human nature
individual and group differences
Individual uniqueness

Question 2

What are the 4 different domains for defining personality?

Answer 2

Biological domain
intrapsychic domain
Cognitive-social learning domain
personality trait domain

Question 3

What were Freud’s two main instinct drives?

Answer 3

Pleasure
Destruction

Question 4

Id is driven by the _________ principle, Ego is driven by the _________principle, and Superego is driven by _______.

Answer 4

Id = pleasure principle
Ego = reality principle
Superego = morals, conscience, societal demands

Question 5

Freud argued that psychosexual stages were _________, but the outcome from _________ of stages shape _________<

Answer 5

Psychosexual stages = universal
outcomes from stage resolution shape personality

Question 6

(3 A’s, 1 P)

What are the 4 most studied needs in psychology?

Answer 6

achievement
power
affiliation
autonomy

Question 7

Murray (1983) argued that each person has a unique ______________________

A Hierarchy of power
B Hierarchy of wants
C Hierarchy of needs
D Hierarchy of desires

Answer 7

C Hierarchy of needs

Question 8

The cognitive-social learning domain of personality argues that individual differences are due to different _____________________________________

Answer 8

different personal histories of reinforcement

Question 9

(internal Locus)

What is self-efficacy?

Answer 9

the extent to which people believe they can exercise control over their lives

Question 10

What 3 things enhance self-efficacy?

Answer 10

Mastery of experiences - successful past experiences
Vicarious experiences -someone of equal ability succeeding
Social Persuasion - encouragement from someone credible

Question 11

True or false, the personality trait approach cuts across all the other personality approach domains?

Answer 11

True

Question 12

What are the 6 main qualities personality traits should have?

Answer 12

Temporal stability
cross-situational consistency
Biological basis
predictive validity of behaviours
minimal overlap of character differences within traits
inter-individual differences

Question 13

What are the 5 biological pieces of evidence/bases for a trait?

Answer 13

Physiological substrates
hereditary/genetic basis
similar traits in non humans
cross-cultural evidence
temporal stability

Question 14

What are the two different theories on personality traits and their relation to behaviours?

Answer 14

Internal/causal - behaviours are expressions or real biological trait
Descriptive Summaries - traits describe an expressed behaviour, no causal attributions

Question 15

Personality traits (Causal explanation) follow a ____________ structure, with ________ containing ________ which are expressed by ____________.

Answer 15

Hierarchical structure
Domains
Facets
Behaviors

Question 16

Which specific aspect of personalitry traits does situationism challenge?

A Temporal consistency
B Biological basis
C Inter-individual differences
D Cross-situational consistency

Answer 16

D Cross-situational consistency

Question 17

Situationism argues that __________should be explained in terms of _________ ___________. It argues for a distinction between __________ and ______________

Answer 17

behaviour explained by situational differences
distinction between personality and social

Question 18

Interactionism argues that personality can be explained in terms of ‘__, ______’ statements. What is the equation for interactionism?

Answer 18

Explained by ‘If, Then’ statements
B = f(P X S) behaviour = f(personality x situations)

Question 19

What are the 3 methods for questionnaire development for personality traits? Describe each

Answer 19

Lexical approach - traits expressed in language (Big 5)
Statistical approach - factor analysis (FFM)
Theoretical approach - a prior theory on most important traits

Question 20

What are the 3 main issues with self-report questionnaires?

Answer 20

Carelessness/attention when answering questions
Social desiribility - lying
Barnum statements - statements which apply to everyone