Intro Flashcards
What were Kluchohn and Murray’s 3 levels of personality analysis?
Human nature
individual and group differences
Individual uniqueness
What are the 4 different domains for defining personality?
Biological domain
intrapsychic domain
Cognitive-social learning domain
personality trait domain
What were Freud’s two main instinct drives?
Pleasure
Destruction
Id is driven by the _________ principle, Ego is driven by the _________principle, and Superego is driven by _______.
Id = pleasure principle
Ego = reality principle
Superego = morals, conscience, societal demands
Freud argued that psychosexual stages were _________, but the outcome from _________ of stages shape _________<
Psychosexual stages = universal
outcomes from stage resolution shape personality
(3 A’s, 1 P)
What are the 4 most studied needs in psychology?
achievement
power
affiliation
autonomy
Murray (1983) argued that each person has a unique ______________________
A Hierarchy of power
B Hierarchy of wants
C Hierarchy of needs
D Hierarchy of desires
C Hierarchy of needs
The cognitive-social learning domain of personality argues that individual differences are due to different _____________________________________
different personal histories of reinforcement
(internal Locus)
What is self-efficacy?
the extent to which people believe they can exercise control over their lives
What 3 things enhance self-efficacy?
Mastery of experiences - successful past experiences
Vicarious experiences -someone of equal ability succeeding
Social Persuasion - encouragement from someone credible
True or false, the personality trait approach cuts across all the other personality approach domains?
True
What are the 6 main qualities personality traits should have?
Temporal stability
cross-situational consistency
Biological basis
predictive validity of behaviours
minimal overlap of character differences within traits
inter-individual differences
What are the 5 biological pieces of evidence/bases for a trait?
Physiological substrates
hereditary/genetic basis
similar traits in non humans
cross-cultural evidence
temporal stability
What are the two different theories on personality traits and their relation to behaviours?
Internal/causal - behaviours are expressions or real biological trait
Descriptive Summaries - traits describe an expressed behaviour, no causal attributions
Personality traits (Causal explanation) follow a ____________ structure, with ________ containing ________ which are expressed by ____________.
Hierarchical structure
Domains
Facets
Behaviors
Which specific aspect of personalitry traits does situationism challenge?
A Temporal consistency
B Biological basis
C Inter-individual differences
D Cross-situational consistency
D Cross-situational consistency
Situationism argues that __________should be explained in terms of _________ ___________. It argues for a distinction between __________ and ______________
behaviour explained by situational differences
distinction between personality and social
Interactionism argues that personality can be explained in terms of ‘__, ______’ statements. What is the equation for interactionism?
Explained by ‘If, Then’ statements
B = f(P X S) behaviour = f(personality x situations)
What are the 3 methods for questionnaire development for personality traits? Describe each
Lexical approach - traits expressed in language (Big 5)
Statistical approach - factor analysis (FFM)
Theoretical approach - a prior theory on most important traits
What are the 3 main issues with self-report questionnaires?
Carelessness/attention when answering questions
Social desiribility - lying
Barnum statements - statements which apply to everyone
