Evolution of Personality Flashcards
Traits give fitness (Darwinian) in what two ways?
Fecundity - number of offspring
Survivorship - live long enough to reproduce
Natural selection refers to _____________________________________
Sexual selection refers to _____________________________________
Natural selection - Variation in traits-> most adaptive traits to environment get passed on
Sexual selection - competition can affect reproductive success
Sexual selection can be inter-sexual, such as _______________________, or intra-sexual, such as ___________________
Inter sexual selection - which traits/variations opposite sex
are attracted to
Intra sexual selection - competition from other members of same sex
Heritability is the proportion of _________ _______ in the population that is due to ________ ________
Heritability refers to proportion of phenotypic variation in the population that is due to genetic variation
True or false, genes and environment are completely independent.
False
What are tow examples of genetic variation that are not inherited?
Dominance of alleles
Epistasis
Penke et al suggests what 3 possible mechanisms for the evolution of personality?
selective neutrality
mutation-selection
balancing-selection
Selection neutrality suggest that traits do not necessarily influence ________ itself but does impact _____ outcomes
Doesn’t influence fitness but affects fitness outcomes
Alvergne et al studied sexual selection of FFM traits in Senegalese tribes. He found that greater levels of ________ success was linked to average rates of ________ in women. In men he found that higher _________ is linked to greater ______ status and more _________.
Senegalese tribes:
Women - average neuroticism linked to greater reproductive success
Men - higher extraversion linked to more children and greater social status
Mutation-selection balance says that _______ _________ balances the effects of _________.
natural selection balances the effects of mutation
It was found that husbands who wanted kind, considerate wives got ones with high _________ and ____________. Wives who wanted kind considerate husbands got ones who were more __________ and _________ but unsociable and unamusing
Husbands who wanted kind wife got wife with high extraversion and Agreeableness
Wives who wanted kind husbands got ones who were un-masculine, submissive but unsociable.
What does the variable optima of a trait suggest?
any/all traits have an optimum fitness which varies across times/contexts
Trade off models suggests that traits have both _________ and _________ which are dependent on the _______ __________
Traits have both advantages/adaptations and
disadvantages/mal-adaptations dependent on contextual environment
QTL in behavioural genetics stands for ________ ____ ____.All traits are said to be ________.
QTL - stands for quantitative trait loci
All traits are said to be polygenic
What are the 5 main assumptions of Twin studies which can be challenged?
MZ nd DZ share same environment
Gene environment correlation is minimal
twin scores on traits equivalent to population
mating occurs at random
Zygosity
True or false, alcoholism rates in males are higher than in females?
True
Higher heritability rates does not necessarily make it easier to find _____ associated. For example height has a heritability rate of __%, however GWAS have found ___ genes associated with height, which account for __% of variance, and these findings are not even replicable
Higher heritability doesnt mean responsible genes are easier to find
I.E Height has a heritability rate of 90%, 54 genes have been associated in GWAS, accounting for only 5% of the variance
Trait expression can depend heavily on _______/_______
Trait expression dependent on context/environment
Behavioral reaction norms examine how a person ______their __________________ in different ________
Examines how a person changes the expression of a behavior in different environments
Personality is defined as an _________ response across contexts
Behavioral plasticity is represents the _______ ________ of a trait, with responses _________ across contexts
Personality = average response across contexts
Behavioral plasticity = flexible expression of a trait, where responses differ across contexts
The density distribution approach to personality suggests that traits reflect ___________________________
Traits reflect accumulation of everyday personality states
ESM (Experience sampling methods) examines the ________ ________ of a behaviour at several ______ across a day
ESM - examines natural history of behavior across several time points a day
ESM and behavioral plasticity findings show that individuals can vary as much from ________ to _________ as they do between ___________
individuals can vary as much from moment to moment as they do between eachother
Despite within self variation, individuals have a very stable _______ _________ with correlations between ___ - ___. There is also stability in the ________, with similarity rates of ___
Despite variation we have a very stable central tendency, with correlations between 0.80 and 0.90
There is also stability in the variation - rates of 0.5
Extraverts are moderately extraverted at __ to __% more than introverts
Moderately extraverted at 5 to 10% more than introverts
The socio-genomic model suggests that both the ______ level of the trait and the ________ expressed by the trait can vary due to the influence of the environment via _______ factors as well as environmental ____________
the main level of the trait
and trait expressed behaviors
can vary due to environment and biology and environmental interaction
Traits may survive/pass down as they are involved in _______ selection. Therefore a _____ itself as well as the ________ for a trait may be inherited.
Traits may survive as they are involved in sexual selection
traits, as well as preference for a trait may be inherited
What were Miller and Todd’s 4 cues we use to identify a good mate?
Attractiveness
social status
personality
intelligence
Iredale et al showed that men are significantly more __________ and more likely to ________ when being observed by a female
Men are more generous and more likely to donate when being observed by a female
The costly signaling theory suggests what?
Fitness signals must be high cost so to only healthy, high status individuals are able to produce it - so therefore it is a reliable indicator of evolutionary fitness
Preference for a trait should ___________ with expression of a trait. This can shown in heritability rates foe the expression of and preference for ______.
Preference for a trait should correlated with expression of the trait
shown in heritability rates of expression and preference of altruism
