Evolution of Personality

Question 1

Traits give fitness (Darwinian) in what two ways?

Answer 1

Fecundity - number of offspring
Survivorship - live long enough to reproduce

Question 2

Natural selection refers to _____________________________________
Sexual selection refers to _____________________________________

Answer 2

Natural selection - Variation in traits-> most adaptive traits to environment get passed on
Sexual selection - competition can affect reproductive success

Question 3

Sexual selection can be inter-sexual, such as _______________________, or intra-sexual, such as ___________________

Answer 3

Inter sexual selection - which traits/variations opposite sex
are attracted to
Intra sexual selection - competition from other members of same sex

Question 4

Heritability is the proportion of _________ _______ in the population that is due to ________ ________

Answer 4

Heritability refers to proportion of phenotypic variation in the population that is due to genetic variation

Question 5

True or false, genes and environment are completely independent.

Answer 5

False

Question 6

What are tow examples of genetic variation that are not inherited?

Answer 6

Dominance of alleles
Epistasis

Question 7

Penke et al suggests what 3 possible mechanisms for the evolution of personality?

Answer 7

selective neutrality
mutation-selection
balancing-selection

Question 8

Selection neutrality suggest that traits do not necessarily influence ________ itself but does impact _____ outcomes

Answer 8

Doesn’t influence fitness but affects fitness outcomes

Question 9

Alvergne et al studied sexual selection of FFM traits in Senegalese tribes. He found that greater levels of ________ success was linked to average rates of ________ in women. In men he found that higher _________ is linked to greater ______ status and more _________.

Answer 9

Senegalese tribes:
Women - average neuroticism linked to greater reproductive success
Men - higher extraversion linked to more children and greater social status

Question 10

Mutation-selection balance says that _______ _________ balances the effects of _________.

Answer 10

natural selection balances the effects of mutation

Question 11

It was found that husbands who wanted kind, considerate wives got ones with high _________ and ____________. Wives who wanted kind considerate husbands got ones who were more __________ and _________ but unsociable and unamusing

Answer 11

Husbands who wanted kind wife got wife with high extraversion and Agreeableness
Wives who wanted kind husbands got ones who were un-masculine, submissive but unsociable.

Question 12

What does the variable optima of a trait suggest?

Answer 12

any/all traits have an optimum fitness which varies across times/contexts

Question 13

Trade off models suggests that traits have both _________ and _________ which are dependent on the _______ __________

Answer 13

Traits have both advantages/adaptations and
disadvantages/mal-adaptations dependent on contextual environment

Question 14

QTL in behavioural genetics stands for ________ ____ ____.All traits are said to be ________.

Answer 14

QTL - stands for quantitative trait loci
All traits are said to be polygenic

Question 15

What are the 5 main assumptions of Twin studies which can be challenged?

Answer 15

MZ nd DZ share same environment
Gene environment correlation is minimal
twin scores on traits equivalent to population
mating occurs at random
Zygosity

Question 16

True or false, alcoholism rates in males are higher than in females?

Answer 16

True

Question 17

Higher heritability rates does not necessarily make it easier to find _____ associated. For example height has a heritability rate of __%, however GWAS have found ___ genes associated with height, which account for __% of variance, and these findings are not even replicable

Answer 17

Higher heritability doesnt mean responsible genes are easier to find
I.E Height has a heritability rate of 90%, 54 genes have been associated in GWAS, accounting for only 5% of the variance

Question 18

Trait expression can depend heavily on _______/_______

Answer 18

Trait expression dependent on context/environment

Question 19

Behavioral reaction norms examine how a person ______their __________________ in different ________

Answer 19

Examines how a person changes the expression of a behavior in different environments

Question 20

Personality is defined as an _________ response across contexts
Behavioral plasticity is represents the _______ ________ of a trait, with responses _________ across contexts

Answer 20

Personality = average response across contexts
Behavioral plasticity = flexible expression of a trait, where responses differ across contexts

Question 21

The density distribution approach to personality suggests that traits reflect ___________________________

Answer 21

Traits reflect accumulation of everyday personality states

Question 22

ESM (Experience sampling methods) examines the ________ ________ of a behaviour at several ______ across a day

Answer 22

ESM - examines natural history of behavior across several time points a day

Question 23

ESM and behavioral plasticity findings show that individuals can vary as much from ________ to _________ as they do between ___________

Answer 23

individuals can vary as much from moment to moment as they do between eachother

Question 24

Despite within self variation, individuals have a very stable _______ _________ with correlations between ___ - ___. There is also stability in the ________, with similarity rates of ___

Answer 24

Despite variation we have a very stable central tendency, with correlations between 0.80 and 0.90
There is also stability in the variation - rates of 0.5

Question 25

Extraverts are moderately extraverted at __ to __% more than introverts

Answer 25

Moderately extraverted at 5 to 10% more than introverts

Question 26

The socio-genomic model suggests that both the ______ level of the trait and the ________ expressed by the trait can vary due to the influence of the environment via _______ factors as well as environmental ____________

Answer 26

the main level of the trait
and trait expressed behaviors
can vary due to environment and biology and environmental interaction

Question 27

Traits may survive/pass down as they are involved in _______ selection. Therefore a _____ itself as well as the ________ for a trait may be inherited.

Answer 27

Traits may survive as they are involved in sexual selection
traits, as well as preference for a trait may be inherited

Question 28

What were Miller and Todd’s 4 cues we use to identify a good mate?

Answer 28

Attractiveness
social status
personality
intelligence

Question 29

Iredale et al showed that men are significantly more __________ and more likely to ________ when being observed by a female

Answer 29

Men are more generous and more likely to donate when being observed by a female

Question 30

The costly signaling theory suggests what?

Answer 30

Fitness signals must be high cost so to only healthy, high status individuals are able to produce it - so therefore it is a reliable indicator of evolutionary fitness

Question 31

Preference for a trait should ___________ with expression of a trait. This can shown in heritability rates foe the expression of and preference for ______.

Answer 31

Preference for a trait should correlated with expression of the trait
shown in heritability rates of expression and preference of altruism