Personality Flashcards
1
Q
Dispositional theory
A
Personality is enduring and consistent
2
Q
Situationalism
A
Personality is influenced by situations
3
Q
Nomothetic traits
A
Personality traits are shared and comparable
4
Q
Idiographic traits
A
Traits are unique to the individual and not shared
5
Q
Allport’s theory
A
- analysed 18000 adjectives used as ‘trait labels’
- described 3 types of traits
1. Cardinal traits- influential, core traits
2. Central traits: 5-10 traits, less general
3. secondary traits: least important, things only close friends would notice
6
Q
Cattell’s approach
A
- selected 4500 traits from Allport’s work and reduced to 171 elements before coming up with 16 dimensions
- Surface traits are linked to one another but not important for understanding one’s personality
- Source traits- basic building blocks of personality and make up the 16 PF questionnaire
- also found 3 types of personality data: 1. Q-data: questionnaires, 2. L-data: obtained from lifetime records and 3. T-data: test based data
7
Q
Eysenck’s approach
A
-3 dimensional traits
1. psychoticism
2. extraversion
3. neuroticism
PENS
-Eysenck’s personality scale contains a lie scale
8
Q
Extraversion
A
- related to arousal and the ascending reticular activating system
- introverts are easily aroused-easily conditionable
- extroverts have low arousal state- not easily conditionable
9
Q
Cloninger’s psychobiological model of personality
A
- includes 4 dimensions of temperament (each 50-60% inheritable)- born with
- also 3 components of character: shaped by environment
10
Q
Cloninger’s 4 dimensions of temperment
A
- Novelty seeking
- Harm-avoidance
- Reward-dependence
- Persistence
11
Q
Cloninger 3 dimensions of character
A
- self-directedness
- cooperativeness
- self-transcendence
12
Q
DSM personality disorder clusters
A
- 3 clusters
Cluster A: associated with low reward dependence
Cluster B: associated with high novelty seeking
Cluster C: high harm avoidance traits
13
Q
Rotter’s locus of control theory
A
- single trait theory
- external and internal loci are used to measure personality attributes
- Cattell and Eysenck are multitrait theories
14
Q
Big 5 traits- McCrae &Costa 1992
A
- Openess
2.Conscinetiousness - Agreeableness
- Neuroticism
OCEAN
-unified framework for trait research
-NEO decreases with age
-AC increases with age
15
Q
Kelly’s personal construct theory
A
- humanistic school
- person;s relationships must be observed
- uses repertory grid- list of important people are generated (elements). 2 ‘elements’ are chosen and contrasted with a third one to see what themes emerge- constructs
- this technique is continued down the people and a list of constructs is made
16
Q
Humanistic or phenomenological school of personality
A
- focuses on a person’s view of the world not their unconscious impulses
- focuses on uniqueness not shared traits
- Roger’s Client Centred Therapy originied from humanistic school
- alternative is trait based approach
17
Q
Interactionism
A
- proposes that personality and environment interact with each other to produce the observed behaviour
- Magnussen and Endler 1977
18
Q
Typology
A
-Sheldon and Kretschmer theorised that body shape describes personality traits and disposition to psychosis
19
Q
Asthenic
A
- thin body, aloof, correlated with schizophrenia
- Kretschmer 1921
20
Q
Pyknic
A
- plump people, childish with mood swings, manic depression
- Kretschmer 1921
21
Q
Athletic
A
-well built individuals with a steady temperament
22
Q
Sheldon’s body types
A
- endomorphic- plump people who are relaxed and outgoing ‘bubbly’
- mesomorphic- strong people who are energetic and assertive
- ectomorphic- tall thin people who are fearful and restrained- associated with schizophrenia
23
Q
Friedman and Rosenman
A
- Type A and type B personalities
- Type A: originally described as risk for MI but MRFIT study concluded there was no association. impatient, time conscious, insecure, competitive, hostile, aggressive, incapable of relaxation
- Type B: relaxed and easy going, creative, often self- analyse and evade stress, cope poorly under stress
24
Q
Projective personality tests
A
- project emotion
- tests to obtain information about emotional functioning
- open ended situations
- Murray was major player
- Rorschach’s inkblots were first
- not often used in contemporary practice
25
Q
Classification of projective tests
A
- Association inducing: verbal response to stimuli e.g Rorschach ink blot
- Completion tests: completing unfinished stimulus e.g sentence completion test
- Choice or ordering: rank order or categorise stimuli
- Construction: develop or construct story or narration e.g Thematic apperception Test (Murray- TAT)
- Self- expression: create so ething without stimulus e.g draw a man (Goodenough), House Tree Person (Buck)
26
Q
Rorschach ink blot
A
- 10 ink blots
- asked to describe
- has two phases 1. free association and 2. inquiry
- scored using Exner’s system
- needs lots of training to use
27
Q
Thematic apperception test (TAT)
A
- Murray (TAT)
- 20-30 pictures and one blank card
- subject has to make up a story using the pictures
28
Q
Word association test
A
- Jung
- WAT
- time pressure is applied
29
Q
Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory
A
- has 10 scales with labels
- not projective
- self-reported
- developed by Hathaway and McKinley
- most researched
- 567 statements
- 10 scales: hypochondriasis, depression, hysteria, psychopathic deviance, masculinity-femininity, paranoia, psychasthenia, schizophrenia, hypomania, social interversion
- also has lie scale
30
Q
Q-sort technique
A
- involves a person sorting cards with self descriptive statements on and have to put in ordered piles under the headings ‘self’ and ‘ideal’
- numerical discrepancy score between ideal and real self can be computed
- developed from client centred therapy
31
Q
International Personality Disorder Examination (IPDE)
A
- used in clinical assessment of personality disorder for those over 5 years of age
- self-report screening questionaire (77 true/false) followed by a semi-structured diagnostic interview by trained clinician
- compatible with ICD 10 and DSM 4
- allows for definite, probably or negative diagnosis for each personality disorder
- allows a past personality disorder prior to the past 12 months
- allows a late onset diagnosis when criteria met only after the age of 25
- ratings can be informant or patient’s answers
