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Basic psychology > Personality > Flashcards

Personality Flashcards

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1
Q

Dispositional theory

A

Personality is enduring and consistent

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2
Q

Situationalism

A

Personality is influenced by situations

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3
Q

Nomothetic traits

A

Personality traits are shared and comparable

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4
Q

Idiographic traits

A

Traits are unique to the individual and not shared

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5
Q

Allport’s theory

A
  • analysed 18000 adjectives used as ‘trait labels’
  • described 3 types of traits
    1. Cardinal traits- influential, core traits
    2. Central traits: 5-10 traits, less general
    3. secondary traits: least important, things only close friends would notice
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6
Q

Cattell’s approach

A
  • selected 4500 traits from Allport’s work and reduced to 171 elements before coming up with 16 dimensions
  • Surface traits are linked to one another but not important for understanding one’s personality
  • Source traits- basic building blocks of personality and make up the 16 PF questionnaire
  • also found 3 types of personality data: 1. Q-data: questionnaires, 2. L-data: obtained from lifetime records and 3. T-data: test based data
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7
Q

Eysenck’s approach

A

-3 dimensional traits
1. psychoticism
2. extraversion
3. neuroticism
PENS
-Eysenck’s personality scale contains a lie scale

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8
Q

Extraversion

A
  • related to arousal and the ascending reticular activating system
  • introverts are easily aroused-easily conditionable
  • extroverts have low arousal state- not easily conditionable
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9
Q

Cloninger’s psychobiological model of personality

A
  • includes 4 dimensions of temperament (each 50-60% inheritable)- born with
  • also 3 components of character: shaped by environment
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10
Q

Cloninger’s 4 dimensions of temperment

A
  1. Novelty seeking
  2. Harm-avoidance
  3. Reward-dependence
  4. Persistence
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11
Q

Cloninger 3 dimensions of character

A
  1. self-directedness
  2. cooperativeness
  3. self-transcendence
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12
Q

DSM personality disorder clusters

A
  • 3 clusters
    Cluster A: associated with low reward dependence
    Cluster B: associated with high novelty seeking
    Cluster C: high harm avoidance traits
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13
Q

Rotter’s locus of control theory

A
  • single trait theory
  • external and internal loci are used to measure personality attributes
  • Cattell and Eysenck are multitrait theories
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14
Q

Big 5 traits- McCrae &Costa 1992

A
  1. Openess
    2.Conscinetiousness
  2. Agreeableness
  3. Neuroticism
    OCEAN
    -unified framework for trait research
    -NEO decreases with age
    -AC increases with age
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15
Q

Kelly’s personal construct theory

A
  • humanistic school
  • person;s relationships must be observed
  • uses repertory grid- list of important people are generated (elements). 2 ‘elements’ are chosen and contrasted with a third one to see what themes emerge- constructs
  • this technique is continued down the people and a list of constructs is made
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16
Q

Humanistic or phenomenological school of personality

A
  • focuses on a person’s view of the world not their unconscious impulses
  • focuses on uniqueness not shared traits
  • Roger’s Client Centred Therapy originied from humanistic school
  • alternative is trait based approach
17
Q

Interactionism

A
  • proposes that personality and environment interact with each other to produce the observed behaviour
  • Magnussen and Endler 1977
18
Q

Typology

A

-Sheldon and Kretschmer theorised that body shape describes personality traits and disposition to psychosis

19
Q

Asthenic

A
  • thin body, aloof, correlated with schizophrenia

- Kretschmer 1921

20
Q

Pyknic

A
  • plump people, childish with mood swings, manic depression

- Kretschmer 1921

21
Q

Athletic

A

-well built individuals with a steady temperament

22
Q

Sheldon’s body types

A
  • endomorphic- plump people who are relaxed and outgoing ‘bubbly’
  • mesomorphic- strong people who are energetic and assertive
  • ectomorphic- tall thin people who are fearful and restrained- associated with schizophrenia
23
Q

Friedman and Rosenman

A
  • Type A and type B personalities
  • Type A: originally described as risk for MI but MRFIT study concluded there was no association. impatient, time conscious, insecure, competitive, hostile, aggressive, incapable of relaxation
  • Type B: relaxed and easy going, creative, often self- analyse and evade stress, cope poorly under stress
24
Q

Projective personality tests

A
  • project emotion
  • tests to obtain information about emotional functioning
  • open ended situations
  • Murray was major player
  • Rorschach’s inkblots were first
  • not often used in contemporary practice
25
Q

Classification of projective tests

A
  1. Association inducing: verbal response to stimuli e.g Rorschach ink blot
  2. Completion tests: completing unfinished stimulus e.g sentence completion test
  3. Choice or ordering: rank order or categorise stimuli
  4. Construction: develop or construct story or narration e.g Thematic apperception Test (Murray- TAT)
  5. Self- expression: create so ething without stimulus e.g draw a man (Goodenough), House Tree Person (Buck)
26
Q

Rorschach ink blot

A
  • 10 ink blots
  • asked to describe
  • has two phases 1. free association and 2. inquiry
  • scored using Exner’s system
  • needs lots of training to use
27
Q

Thematic apperception test (TAT)

A
  • Murray (TAT)
  • 20-30 pictures and one blank card
  • subject has to make up a story using the pictures
28
Q

Word association test

A
  • Jung
  • WAT
  • time pressure is applied
29
Q

Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory

A
  • has 10 scales with labels
  • not projective
  • self-reported
  • developed by Hathaway and McKinley
  • most researched
  • 567 statements
  • 10 scales: hypochondriasis, depression, hysteria, psychopathic deviance, masculinity-femininity, paranoia, psychasthenia, schizophrenia, hypomania, social interversion
  • also has lie scale
30
Q

Q-sort technique

A
  • involves a person sorting cards with self descriptive statements on and have to put in ordered piles under the headings ‘self’ and ‘ideal’
  • numerical discrepancy score between ideal and real self can be computed
  • developed from client centred therapy
31
Q

International Personality Disorder Examination (IPDE)

A
  • used in clinical assessment of personality disorder for those over 5 years of age
  • self-report screening questionaire (77 true/false) followed by a semi-structured diagnostic interview by trained clinician
  • compatible with ICD 10 and DSM 4
  • allows for definite, probably or negative diagnosis for each personality disorder
  • allows a past personality disorder prior to the past 12 months
  • allows a late onset diagnosis when criteria met only after the age of 25
  • ratings can be informant or patient’s answers

Basic psychology (11 decks)

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