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Basic psychology > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

1
Q

3 processes of memory

A
  1. encoding- formation of initial memory traces and receiving information
  2. storage- retention of information
  3. retrieval-accessing and recovering information from memory stores
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2
Q

William James

A
  • divided memory into primary (short term) and secondary memory (long term)
  • 3 forms of memory are now recognised
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3
Q

Sensory memory

A
  • large capacity
  • each sense has it’s own memory
  • no processing is involved
  • if attention is paid during sensory memory then this is moved to short term memory
  • visual memory lasts 0.5s. Auditory lasts 2 s
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4
Q

Short term memory

A
  • Miller says 7+/-2 items
  • lasts 15-30 seconds
  • by maintenance rehearsal the duration n can be increased e.g learning phone number
  • Brown Paterson Task- distract immediately after counting 3 numbers backwards
  • recall is effortless and error free
  • loss of information usually occurs through displacement and decay
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5
Q

Displacement

A

-newly acquired items entering the short term memory displace existing items

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6
Q

Decay

A

-older items in short term memory have a weaker trace strength than the recently acquired items

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7
Q

Elaborative encoding

A
  • Daniel Schacter

- move of information from temporary to long term storage by rehearsal

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8
Q

Working memory

A
  • used to describe most of short term memory

- working memory allows cognitive processes to be performed on data that is briefly stored in short term memory

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9
Q

Long term memory

A
  • unlimited capacity
  • lasts for indefinite duration
  • encoding is mostly semantic but some visual and acoustic encoding occurs
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10
Q

Atkins and Shiffrin

A
  • short term memory and long term memory are structural components
  • rehearsal can move short term memories to long term memory
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11
Q

Recent memory

A

-ability to remember what has experienced within the past few minutes (recall of items after 5 minutes), hours or days

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12
Q

Remote memory

A

-the ability to remember events in the distant past

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13
Q

Tulving

A

-long term memory has two forms- declarative (explicit- includes semantic and episodic memory) and non-declarative (implicit memory)

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14
Q

Declarative memory

A
  • explicit!

- includes semantic and episodic memory

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15
Q

Semantic memory

A

-factual knowledge about the world

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16
Q

Episodic memory

A

-autobiographical

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17
Q

Non-declarative memory

A
  • implicit
  • procedural memory
  • skills etc
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18
Q

Priming

A
  • form of learning that occurs without conscious recall of the episode of learning
  • performance shows that the information is learnt but conscious recall is absent
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19
Q

Baddley and Hitch

A
  • working memory model
  • working memory has a central executive and two arms- phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad
  • central exectutive is like an attention system
  • phonological loop is auditory rehearsal loops
  • visuospatical scratch pad is pattern recognition and movement perception components
  • episodic buffer
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20
Q

Episodic buffer

A
  • also a component of the working memory model
  • integrates information into long term memory
  • important in chinking
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21
Q

Serial position effect

A

-primary and recency effect

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22
Q

Recency effect

A
  • last words in a list remembered more easily than the middle ones
  • better preserved in organic anterograde amnesia
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23
Q

Primacy effect

A
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24
Q

Modes of retrieval (3 Rs)

A
  1. Recognition
  2. Recall
  3. Reintegration/reconstruction
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25
Q

Forgetting

A
  1. Decay
  2. Displacement
  3. retrieval failure
  4. interference theory
26
Q

Hermann Ebbinghaus

A
  • forgetting curve
  • sharp drop over the first 9 hours, particularly the first hour
  • after the first 9 hours the forgetting slows and declines little
  • forgetting is never complete
  • continous motor skills are not forgotten (cycling) but discrete motor skills can be
27
Q

Decay theory

A

-neural engrams breakdown over time

28
Q

Displacement

A

-due to capacity limitation, new info replaces old info

29
Q

Retrieval failure

A
  • due to lack of proper cues to recall we forget things

- recall improves if the cues available at the initial encoding are present during recollection

30
Q

Interference theory

A
  • forgetting occurs due to interference
  • new information can interfere with old material recall-retroactive interference
  • proactive interference refers to interference of new learning from older learnt material
31
Q

Chunking

A

-method of increasing the capacity of short term memory by combining units or information into chunks

32
Q

Encoding specificity principle

A

-the more similar the retrieval situation is to the encoding situation , the better the retrieval

33
Q

Amnesia

A

-marked impairment of episodic memory

34
Q

Ribot

A
  • recent memories are more vulnerable to brain damage than remote memories
  • if hippocampal memory system is damaged then patients tend to lose their recent memories
35
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A
  • loss of the ability to form or retain new episodic memories after injury/lesion/event
  • lack of memory for events taking place in the immediate future after an event
  • often involve hippocampal damage
  • they cant learn anything new
  • nothing can be moved from short term to long term memory
36
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A
  • loss of episodic memories that were stored before brain damage had occurred
  • lack of memory immediately before events
  • follows head injury
  • they fail to consolidate the STM and move it to LTM
37
Q

Transient global amnesia

A
  • caused by transient cerebral ischemia

- sudden onset of severe anterograde amnesia with a retrograde amnesia for the preceding days or weeks

38
Q

Psychogenic amnesia (hysterical)

A
  • suffer traumatic or emotionally disturbing lide event

- can be global (e.g fugue state) or situation specific (crime)

39
Q

Fugue state

A
  • psychogenic global amnesia
  • forgets everything about themselves
  • usually resolves within a few days but can last forever
40
Q

Situation specific

A
  • offenders can claim amnesia at the offence- 25-45% homicides
  • most common in crimes of passion
  • in PTSD there is reduction in the hippocampal volume-?due to glucocorticoids
41
Q

Amnesic syndromes

A
  • various disorders can cause amnesic syndromes
  • features:
    1. immediate memory is unimpaired
    2. anterograde amnesia-inability to acquire new information
    3. retrograde amnesia of variable extent and severity
    4. preserved global intellectual abilities
    5. preserved implicit/procedural memory
42
Q

Korsakoff’s syndrome

A
  • frm of amnesic syndrome caused by thiamine deficiency
  • may have severe anterograde amnesia and extensive retrograde memory loss
  • can lose some autobiographic memory
  • working memory and procedural memory are unimpaired
  • 3 word learning tak-apple, table, penny
43
Q

Post-traumatic amnesia

A
  • time between injury and recovery of normal memory function seen in head injury patients
  • the longer the PTA, the more severe the brain damage and prognosis
  • PTA retrograde amnesia is also possible after head injury-cant recall last night’s dinner=poor prognosis
44
Q

Memory loss following ECT

A
  • usually temporary
  • there may be both anterograde or retrograde amnesia
  • 1/3 of patients report persistent memory loss following ECT
  • memory impairment is less pronounces with unilateral ECT
45
Q

Tests of memory

A
  • digit span
  • 3 word learning task
  • Rey-Osterrieth complex figure
  • Wechsler memory test
46
Q

Digit span

A
  • tests short term memory
  • forward and backward digit span
  • forward= 6+/- 1
  • reverse is 5+/-1
47
Q

Three word learning task

A
  • apple penny clock

- test of anterograde memory and learning

48
Q

Name and address recall

A
  • 7 items
  • common test of recent verbal memory
  • recall as many items in five or ten minutes
49
Q

Rey-Osterrieth complex figure

A
  • non-verbal memory test
  • person is asked to copy a complex geometric figure and then draw from memory after 30 minutes
  • impaired in dementia and amnesic syndrome
50
Q

Weschler memory tests

A

-asked to recall a short story from the Wechsler memory scale containing 25 elements and both immediate and delayed recall after an interval or 30 mins

51
Q

Infantile amnesia

A
  • earliest recall is 3.5 years old
  • prior to this is infantile amnesia
  • amnesia for events occurring in first 2-5 years of life is variable
52
Q

Mood-congruent effect

A

-more easy to recall nformation if it is congruent with current mood

53
Q

Mood-state dependent retrieval

A

-the phenomenon wherein retrieval of information is easier if the emotional state at the time is the same as the emotional state at the time of the encoding

54
Q

Elaboration

A

-material that is fully elaborated produces stronger memory trace as it is believed that the consolidation is linked to the depth with which the data is processed

55
Q

Schemas

A
  • mechanisms for elaborating and reconstructing memory at test
  • organised sets of facts
56
Q

Interference

A

-known, easily accessible information is used to piece together the retrieved information, resulting in a biased recall

57
Q

Distortion

A

-can occur in order to ensure the information fits the person’s schemas-this impacts the recall of information

58
Q

Pre-frontal lobes

A

-mediate performances of short term memory

59
Q

Phonological short term memory system

A

-mediated by the left hemisphere regions of Broca’s area and prefrontal cortex

60
Q

Visuospatial short term memory system

A

-mediated by the parietal and prefrontal areas of the right hemisphere

61
Q

Brain areas responsible for long term memory

A

-regions of the limbic system, specifically the hippocampus and the entorhinal cortex of the medial temporal lobe

Basic psychology (11 decks)

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