Motivation

Question 1

Maslow

Answer 1

• D-motives: deficiency needs
• B- motives: being needs (growth needs)
• created hierarchy of needs- the needs become less biological as one ascends through the hierarchy
• you can only progress to the next level when the other needs are met

Question 2

Maslow hierarchy of needs

Answer 2

Bottom: Physiological
Middle: Safety, Belonging, Self Esteem
Top: Self-Actualization

Question 3

Self-actualisation

Answer 3

• Maslow
• the desire to become more and more what one is. to become everything that one is capable of becoming
• these people are spontaneous, creative, appreciative of life, have a morality system and able to view things in an objective manner

Question 4

Law of Effect

Answer 4

• can also be considered as a theory of motivation
• a satisfying effect strengthens behaviour
• a dissatisfying effect weakens behaviour
• behaviour is contingent on consequences
• Thorndike

Question 5

Drive-reduction theory

Answer 5

• Hull
• the need for homeostasis
• if the homeostasis is unbalanced then the drive is reduced
• primary drive: biological needs
• secondary drives: psychological and learned primary drives

Question 6

Murray’s needs

Answer 6

• primary (or vasculogenic needs)- physiological

- secondary- needs that acquired or learnt e.g money

Question 7

Yerkes-Dodson law

Answer 7

• an inverted U-shaped curve relates to the level of arousal with the performance of an act
• too much arousal reduces performance

Question 8

Curiosity

Answer 8

• intrinsic motivator
• sensory curiosity: change in tone of voice or contrast
• cognitive curiosity: learner believes it might be useful

Question 9

Optimal discrepancy

Answer 9

-strongest curiosity when information appears different from what we know but is not so dissimilar that it is irrelevant or unbelievable

Question 10

Cognitive consistency

Answer 10

• cognitive balance that is created when inconsistencies result in tension, which motivates our brains/body to respond
• people like consistency
• inconsistency creates dissonance
• dissonance drives us to restore consistency

Question 11

Need for achievement (nAch)

Answer 11

• individual’s desire to achieve
• Murray
• people with high nAch are highly independent and seek challenges
• personality trait measured in thematic apperception test (TAT)

Question 12

Sources of high nAch

Answer 12

1. parents who encouraged independence
2. praise and rewards for success
3. association of achievement with positive feelings
4. association of achievement with one’s own competence and effort
5. a desire to be effective or challenged
6. intrapersonal strength
7. desirability
8. feasibility
9. goal setting abilities