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Intro to Psychology > Personality > Flashcards

Personality Flashcards

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1
Q

What is personality?

A

An individual’s characteristic way of thinking, feeling, and behaving in response to a situation.

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2
Q

What are the four theories of personality?

A
  1. Psychodynamic / Psychoanalytic
  2. Humanistic
  3. Social Cognitive / Learning
  4. Trait
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3
Q

The Humanistic Theory of personity stresses…

A

The potential for growth, the goodness in people, self-actualization, self-concept, and to strive for all that we can become.

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4
Q

Self-actualization is…

A

The fulfilling of one’s inborn potential

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5
Q

Self-concept is…

A

Perceptions and beliefs about yourself which are done by YOU, and which includes your nature, your personal qualities, and your typical behavior

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6
Q

What is the main problem with the Humanistic Theory of Personality?

A

It is “often believed by people who look at life through rose-tinted glasses: it is far too vague, it doesn’t consider evil, and it is highly unrealistic, optimistic, and doesn’t give a stopping point/limit.”

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7
Q

The main characteristic of the Humanistic Theory is…

A

Human Freedom

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8
Q

Human Freedom is…

A

The freedom to make your own choices and self-determination (though we typically choose to make choices based on parameters).

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9
Q

“Unconditional Positive Regard” says…

A

You will be valued and loved even if you don’t conform to the expectations and standards of society. Often associated with unconditional love.

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10
Q

Who developed the Humanistic Theory?

A

Carl Rogers

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11
Q

Who developed the Social Cognitive Theory?

A

Albert Bandura

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12
Q

The Social Cognitive Theory says…

A

Personality is developed with the interaction of the environment, social experience, and a person’s cognitive skills.

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13
Q

Reciprocal Determinism is…

A

The combination of the three elements working together and influencing each other.

AND

Human functioning and personlity is caused by the interaction of behavior, environment, and cognitive factors.

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14
Q

The main concept of the Social Cognitive Theory is…

A

The self

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15
Q

The theory of “the self” says…

A

Your image and understanding of who you are is the center of your personality, and organizes your thoughts, your feelings, and your actions.

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16
Q

According to Albert Bandura, the Social Cognitive Theory stresses…

A

Active cognitive processes and the human capacity for self-regulation. (This is why this particular theory of personality is possibly the best one).

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17
Q

“Self-regulation” says…

A

You can only reach a certain point with your given abilities.

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18
Q

Self-efficacy is…

A

Beliefs that people have about their own abilities to meet the demands of a specific situation, which leads to self-confidence or self-doubt.

AND

“Your ability to do something should the situation arise.”

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19
Q

The Cognitive Process says that we process information by…

A
  1. Paying attention
  2. Information gathering
  3. Memory
  4. Motivation
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20
Q

The Trait Theory of Personality says…

A

Your personality is based on what is passed down through genetic influence and hereditary traits.

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21
Q

Traits are…

A

Those behaviors which you have inherited from your biological parents.

AND

Predispositions to behave in a certain way.

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22
Q

What is the acronym used for the Five Factor Model?

A

O.C.E.A.N.

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23
Q

What are the Five Factors of the Five Factor Model

A

Openness
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism

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24
Q

What are the extremes of Openness?

A

High: Risk takers
Low: Reserved people

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25
Q

What are the extremes of Conscientiousness?

A

High: Ambitious people
Low: Lazy people

26
Q

What are the extremes of Extraversion?

A

High: Outgoing people
Low: Shy people

27
Q

What are the extremes of Agreeableness?

A

High: Trustworthy people
Low: Suspicious people

28
Q

What is Neuroticism?

A

The level to which one is perceived as “crazy.”

29
Q

Why is the Five Factor Model sometimes oversimplified?

A
  1. Most people find themselves in a middle ground between the levels/extremes of each factor.
  2. These traits are often more related to how others will see/perceive you.
30
Q

What are the people who believe Trait Theory is the best one called?

A

Trait Theorists

31
Q

What do Trait Theorists believe?

A

“One’s personality is a stable and enduring pattern of behavior, and this pattern of behavior describes differences in behaviors, but doesn’t explain them.”

32
Q

Why is the Trait Theory weaker than the Social Cognitive Theory?

A

The Trait Theory is a poor predictor of future behavior and fails to explain differences in individuals’ behaviors and personalities.

33
Q

Who developed the Psychodynamic Theory?

A

Sigmund Freud

34
Q

The Psychodynamic Theory of Personality says…

A

Your personality is developed through dynamics such as DESIRES, ANXIETIES, CONFLICTS, and DEFENSES.

35
Q

Desires are…

A

Your wants

36
Q

Conflict is caused by…

A

The inability to make a decision

37
Q

Defenses are…

A

The way we cope with reality.

38
Q

What makes the four dynamics of the Psychodynamic Theory subconscious?

A

You can feel them emotionally, but you can’t physically touch them, and you can’t easily change them.

39
Q

Free Association is a form of therapy where…

A

Patients or clients would spontaneously report thoughts, feelings, and mental images as they came to mind, no matter how insignificant or trivial they may be.

AND

The client lies down on a couch (why is used to be called “on-the-couch therapy”) and the therapist sits just out of sight next to the couch but “above” their head, so that the patient will not be distracted or see the therapist’s reactions.

40
Q

What are the three levels in the Iceburg Theory? What principle does each represent?

A
  1. Ego – Reality
  2. Super Ego – Morality + Conscience
  3. Id – Pleasure
41
Q

What does the Ego do (5 statements)?

A
  1. The Ego shows concern for well-being.
  2. The Ego acts in a gratifying and acceptable way.
  3. The ego looks at consequences and acts accordingly.
  4. The Ego helps us to realize that we cannot have everything just because we want it.
  5. The Ego is responsible for our self-esteem.***
42
Q

What determines the moral standards of the Super Ego?

A
  1. Our Parents
  2. Society
43
Q

The conscience is…

A

A set of rules for life that are handed down from our parents and significant others.

44
Q

Why is the Id so much larger than the other levels?

A

More often than not, we will act on the urges of our Id – “If it feels good, you’ll do it.”

45
Q

The pleasure principle says…

A

Actions are gratified by the seeking of pleasure and sexual urges.

46
Q

What does the Id do (2 Statements)?

A
  1. The Id uses no reason, no reality, and no morality.
  2. The Id is called the core of our being, and its primary function is pleasure, and it demands immediate gratification.***
47
Q

Defense Mechinisms are…

A

Processes developed when the ego is faced with a conflict or a realistic solution is not possible.

AND

Unconscious reactions that reduce the level of anxiety, which helps the individual to cope.

48
Q

The most popular defense mechanism is…

A

Repression

49
Q

Repression is…

A

Completely excluding the anxiety from the conscious level.

50
Q

Freud’s definition of Anxiety is…

A

A clash of DESIRE and INHIBITIONS

AND

An unpleasant emotional state characterized by physical arousal, feelings of tension, apprehension, and worry.

51
Q

Inhibitions are…

A

The reasons why we can’t have our desires.

52
Q

What are the three types of Freudian anxiety?

A
  1. Reality Anxiety
  2. Neurotic Anxiety
  3. Moral Anxiety
53
Q

Reality Anxiety occurs when…

A

The individual is threatened by something in the external world (i.e. the weather). It is based in the Ego.

54
Q

Neurotic Anxiety occurs when…

A

The individual is tempted to do something that they will be punished for. It is based in the Id.

55
Q

Moral Anxiety occurs when…

A

The individual feels guilty for something they have done. It is based in the Super Ego.

56
Q

What are the Five Psychosexual Stages? At what age does each occur?

A
  1. Oral Stage (Birth to 1.5 years)
  2. Anal Stage (1.5 to 3 years)
  3. Phallic Stage (3 to 6 years)
  4. Latency Stage (7 to 11 years)
  5. Genital Stage (Ages 12 and up)
57
Q

The oral stage is characterized by…

A

Satisfying desires through the mouth.

58
Q

The anal stage is characterized by…

A

The release of feces and the development of control through toilet training.

59
Q

The phallic stage is characterized by…

A

Touching, Self-gratification, and the Oedipus Complex.

60
Q

The Oedipus Complex says children ages 3-6 will…

A

Develop an attraction towards their opposite sex parent and a hatred or hostility towards their same sex parent.

61
Q

The latency stage is characterized by…

A

Interests moving away from the opposite sex and focus shifting to school and sports.

62
Q

The genital stage is characterized by…

A

The onset of puberty, sexual maturation, and the development of heterosexual relationships.

Intro to Psychology (11 decks)

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