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Intro to Psychology > Learning > Flashcards

Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

Personality is…

A

An individual’s characteristic way of thinking, feeling, and behaving in response to a situation.

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2
Q

Learning is…

A

An enduring or permanent change in behavior which is brought about by experience and information gathering.

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3
Q

Classical Conditioning is…

A

A type of learning where we learn to link a stimulus to elicit a response.

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4
Q

Operant Conditioning is…

A

Learning active, voluntary behaviors which are shaped and maintained by their response.

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5
Q

Observational Learning is…

A

Acquiring new behaviors by observing the actions of others.

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6
Q

An Unconditioned Stimulus is…

A

A stimulus that naturally and unconditionally causes a response. The response is NOT learned.

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7
Q

An Unconditioned Response is…

A

An unlearned, natural response to an UCS.

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8
Q

A Conditioned Stimulus is…

A

A once-neutral stimulus that is paired with an UCS, which now triggers a response.

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9
Q

A Conditioned Response is…

A

The response that happens after the conditioning of the neutral stimulus. It is a LEARNED response.

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10
Q

A natural reaction is when…

A

An UCS leads to an UCR

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11
Q

A learned reaction is when…

A

A neutral stimulus is paired with an UCS until that NS becomes a CS, which then leads to a CR.

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12
Q

A Consequence is…

A

The result of a behavior (can be positive OR negative). It has the potential to strengthen or weaken behaviors.

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13
Q

Reinforcement is…

A

A stimulus that increases the probability that a behavior will be repeated. It can be external or internal.

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14
Q

Positive Reinforcement is…

A

A positive stimulus that strengthens the response. A reward that increases the positive outcome.

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15
Q

Negative Reinforcement is…

A

The removal of an unfavorable outcome. To end something that is undesired.

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16
Q

Punishment is…

A

When a behavior is followed by an aversive consequence that decreases the probability of that behavior occurring again.

17
Q

Positive Punishment is…

A

To give something that is undesired (like a little slap on the wrist warning).

18
Q

Negative Punishment is…

A

To end something that is desired (a much more severe consequence).

19
Q

There are ____ Factors of Punishment.

A

Twelve

20
Q

Name Four Factors of Punishment

A
  1. Punishment should NOT be used when there are other means available to discourage behavior.
  2. Punishment should be delivered SHORTLY after the undesirable behavior is exhibited (and by the person who came up with it).
  3. Punishment should NOT be physical.
  4. Punishment should be used with an alternative, more appropriate behavior suggested.
21
Q

Why should punishment NOT be physical?

A
  1. Physical punishment teaches that physical aggression is appropriate.
  2. Physical punishment is usually completely unrelated to the undesirable behavior.
22
Q

Behavior Mod(ification) is…

A

The application of learning principles to help people develop more effective or adaptive ways or behaviors, and promoting or increasing desirable behaviors and decreasing the occurrence of undesirable behaviors.

23
Q

How might Behavior Mod be used with children exhibiting undesirable behaviors?

A

Step 1: Enforce a minor punishment.

Step 2: Allow the child time to reflect on their behavior. Briefly explain why that behavior was undesirable, even if they already seem to understand.

Step 3: Provide reinforcement (rewards) whenever more desirable behaviors are exhibited.

24
Q

What are the 5 Steps to Using Operant Conditioning to Build Your Strengths?

A
  1. State your goal in measurable terms and tell someone to make it public.
  2. Make a plan including how, when, and where you’re going to work to reach your goal.
  3. Monitor how often you engage in your desired behavior.
  4. Reinforce your desired behavior (reward yourself).
  5. Gradually begin to reduce your rewards
25
Q

Why must you slowly reduce rewards when using the 5 Steps?

A

You are not meant to become solely dependant on reinforcement to continue the desired behaviors.

26
Q

What is the Cognitive Process?

A

An element of Observational Learning:
(1) Pay attention
(2) Retention
(3) Reproduction
(4) Motivation

27
Q

Retention is…

A

Remembering what you see.

28
Q

Reproduction is…

A

Transforming what you remembered into actions.

29
Q

Motivation is…

A

Being motivated to imitate the behaviors you see in order to produce reinforcement or rewards.

30
Q

Modeling is…

A

The process of observing and imitating specific behaviors.

31
Q

Albert Bandura is…

A

The founder of the “Social Cognitive Theory” of personality and the Cognitive Process.

Intro to Psychology (8 decks)

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