Motivation Flashcards
Motivation is…
A combination of forces that direct and energize behavior
OR
Biological, emotional, cognitive, or social factors that act on or within you, directing your behavior.
Goals are…
Specific wants
What are the three steps to achieving your goals?
- Dream/Vision
- S.M.A.R.T.
- Objectives
What is a dream/vision?
One’s idea of how they want their future to look
What does SMART stand for?
S = Specific
M = Measurable
A = Achievable
R = Realistic
T = Timeline
What are objectives?
The things you are going to do to reach your goals
What are the five theories of Motivation?
- Instinct Theory
- Drive Theory
- Incentive Theory
- Humanistic Theory
- Arousal Theory
Instinct Theory says…
Motivation is due to evolutionary programming (instinctual behaviors)
List some instinctual behaviors
- Greed
- Curiosity
- Love
- Fear
Fear is..
What you DO know, usually the potential result of the thing you say you are afraid of (i.e. you are afraid of FALLING, not heights)
Drive Theory says…
Behavior is motivated by unmet biological needs
The biological needs in Drive Theory are…
Hunger and Thirst (you’ll do anything to eliminate these sensations)
Incentive Theory says…
Behavior is motivated by external goals (i.e. rewards and acknowledgement).
Humanistic Theory says…
Behavior is motivated to strive for self-actualization (to meet your inborn potential).
Arousal Theory says…
Behavior is motivated by a sense of arousal, which can be high or low. We seek moments of high arousal (i.e. Tower of Terror or Sky Diving), but we also typically try to keep our arousal at a happy medium.
What are the three types of motivation?
- Stimulation motivation
- Achievement motivation
- Personal motivation
Stimulation motivation is when…
Someone needs to have stimulation from other people to feel motivated (e.g. “Love and Belongingness” tier in Maslow’s hierarchy).
What are the two types of Stimulation Motivation?
- Sensory
- Social
Sensory Stimulation Motivation happens when…
A person either is losing or has lost a sense of reality.
Who might suffer from Sensory Stimulation Motivation?
- Dementia patients
- People with schizophrenia
- People with de-personalization episodes
- Incarcerated individuals (especially in solitary confinement)
- People in a casino
Social Stimulation Motivation happens when…
Someone has been isolated for a long period of time and now feels the need for stimulation from other people. These people may have chosen to isolate themselves (i.e. “hermits”).
Achievement Motivation is when…
A person is motivated to act by a need to accomplish something difficult or challenging. Typically both types are displayed at some point in time.
What are the two types of Achievement Motivation?
- The desire to succeed (I want to be doing something I enjoy in life)
- Fear of failure (I don’t want to disappoint myself or my loved ones)
Who might suffer from Achievement Motivation?
College students
Personal Motivation is when…
A person is motivated by setting goals and striving to reach them.
What are the five types of personal goals?
- Long-range goals
- Medium-range goals
- Short-range goals
- Mini-goals
- Micro-goals
Long-range goals are…
Those that will be met 5-10 years or more in the future (i.e. career, lifestyle, marriage). You have essentially no direct control over whether or not these goals will be fulfilled in your ideal timing.
Medium-range goals are…
Those that will be met within the next few years. They may be steps towards long-range goals. You have a bit more control over these. Example: graduation.
Short-range goals are…
Those that will be met within the next few months. You have even more control over these.
Mini-goals are…
Those that will be met within the day or week. You have full control over these.
Micro-goals are…
Those that are formed and met minute-to-minute. You have full control over these.
Eating Disorders are…
Psychological disorders which are characterized by severe disturbances in one’s eating behaviors.
What are the three categories of Eating Disorders?
- Anorexia Nervosa
- Bulimia Nervosa
- Binge-Eating
Anorexia Nervosa is…
An ED characterized by excessive weight loss, a fear of gaining weight, and a distorted body self-perception.
Bulimia Nervosa is…
An ED characterized by binges of extreme over-eating, followed by self-induced vomiting, and can include a misuse of laxatives to prevent weight gain. Many individuals don’t even properly chew their food.
Binge-Eating is…
An ED characterized by recurring episodes of eating large quantities of food, often quickly and to the point of discomfort, followed by distress or guilt, and without the fasting or excessive exercise.
Who pioneered research on human sexual behaviors?
Masters and Johnson
What are the four stages of Sexual Motivation?
- The Excitement Stage
- Plateau
- Orgasm
- Resolution
The Excitement Stage includes…
Sexual arousal and many body changes
Sexual arousal can occur in response to…
- Sexual fantasies
- Arousing sexual stimuli (i.e porn and sexual pictures)
- Physical contact
- Masturbation
Body changes during the Excitement Stage include…
- Rapid rise in heart rate
- Rapid rise in blood pressure
- Feelings of nervousness
- Other sympathetic nervous system impacts
Plateau is when…
Your physical arousal builds, and the degree of your arousal can fluctuate (i.e. it may decrease if you are interrupted).
Orgasm is when…
Muscles contract in the arms, legs, and face, and fluids are released (the fluids are mostly made of proteins).
Resolution is when…
A feeling of well-being washes over you, and your arousal slowly turns back to normal levels (parasympathetic nervous system response).
Sexual orientation is…
The direction of a person’s EMOTIONAL and EROTIC attraction towards members of the opposite sex, the same sex, or both.
Studies on sexual orientation suggest that…
Genetics plays an important role in determining one’s sexual orientation, but it is not the only role.
Other causes of sexual orientation include…
- Hormones
- Differences in brain size and structure
- Psychological, biological, social, and cultural factors
Homosexuality is NOT the result of…
- An unpleasant heterosexual experience, such as abuse and/or rape.
- An abnormal relationship between a parent and a child.
Sexual dysfunction is…
When a person cannot perform sexually
OR
A consistent disturbance in SEXUAL DESIRE, AROUSAL, or ORGASM that caues psychological distress (i.e. low self-esteem) and interpersonal difficulties (i.e. relationship problems).
Potential causes of sexual dysfunction include…
- Erectile dysfunction
- Anti-depressant side effects
- Sexual trauma
- Hysterectomy
- Giving birth
The Deci-Ryan self-determination theory says…
People experience the most instrinsic motivation when their three innate psychological needs have been met. When these needs are not met, humans are more prone to problem emotions (i.e fear, anxiety, and anger) and health risks.
What are the three innate psychological needs?
- Competence
- Autonomy
- Relatedness
Competence involves…
Whether or not a person feels capable and skilled at the task being completed.
Autonomy involves…
A person’s level of freedom to choose how they live their life and complete tasks.
Relatedness involves…
A person’s interactions with other people
AND
Whether they feel they are part of the “us” or the “them” (whether or not they feel they “belong” within the given social circle).
