Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology > Personality > Flashcards

Personality Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

anal stage

A

at around age 1.5 years, children get psychosexual pleasure from sensations of bowel movements
Someone fixed at this stage goes through life “holding things back”, or go the opposite extreme by becoming messy and wasteful

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

archetypes

A

vague images that have always been part of the human experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

catharsis

A

a release of pent-up emotional tension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

collective unconscious

A

present at birth, relates to the cumulative experience of preceding generations. it contains archetypes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

defence mechanism

A

the ego defends itself against anxieties by relegating unpleasant thoughts and impulses to the unconscious mind. Such mechanisms includes: repression, denial, rationalisation, displacement, regression, projection, reaction formation, and sublimation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

denial

A

the refusal to believe unpleasant information. It is an assertion that the information is incorrect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

displacement

A

by diverting a behaviour or though away from its natural target toward a less threatening target, displacement lets people engage in the behaviour with less anxiety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

ego

A

the rational, decion-making aspect of the personality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

fixation

A

the person continues to be preoccupied with the pleasure area associated with one of the 5 stages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

genital stage

A

beginning at puberty, young people take a strong sexual interest in other people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

humanistic psychology

A

it deals with consciousness, values, and abstract beliefs, including spiritual experiences and the beliefs that people live and die for

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Id

A

consists of sexual and other biological drives that demand immediate gratification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

ideal self

A

an image of what they would like to be

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

individual psychology

A

a psychology of the person as a whole rather than parts such as id, ego and superego. Adler emphasised the importance of conscious, goal-directed behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

inferiority complex

A

It is an exaggerated feeling of weakness, inadequacy, and helplessness and it is produced due to persistent failures and excessive criticism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

latent period

A

at ages 5 to 6 to adolescence, children suppress their psychosexual interest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

libido

A

psychosexual energy which Freud claims people have

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Neo-freudians

A

psychologists which kept parts of Freud’s theory while modifying other aspects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

oedipus complex

A

every boy goes through this phase which is when a boy develops a sexual interest in his mother and competitive aggression towards his father

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

oral stage

A

at birth to the age 1.5 years, the infant derices intense pleasure from stimulation of the mouth, particularly while sucking at the mother’s breast
Someone fixated at this stage continues to receive great pleasure from eating, drinking and smoking and may also have lasting concerns with dependence and independence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

personality

A

it consists of all the consistent ways in which the behaviour of one person differs from that of others, especially in social situations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

phallic stage

A

at around age 3 years, children begin to play with their genitals and become sexually attracted to the opposite sex parent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

projection

A

attributing one’s own undesirable characteristics to other people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

psychoanalysis

A

Freud’s method of explaining and dealing with personality, based on the interplay of conscious and unconscious forces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

psychodynamic theory

A

it relates personality to the interplay of conflicting forces, including unconscious ones, within the individual. That is, internal forces that we do not understand push us or pull us

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

psychosexual pleasure

A

it includes all strong, pleasant excitement arising from body stimulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

rationalisation

A

when people attempt to show that their actions are justifiable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

reaction formation

A

to avoid awareness of some weakness, people use this to present themselves as the opposite of what they really are

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

regression

A

a return to a more immature level of functioning. It is an effort to avoid the anxiety of the current situation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

repression

A

it is motivated removal of something to the unconscious

31
Q

self-actualisation

A

the achievement of one’s full potential

32
Q

self-concept

A

an image of what they really are

33
Q

social interest

A

a sense of solidarity and identification with other people that leads to constructive action. Adler believes that people’s needs for one another requires this

34
Q

striving for superiority

A

a desire to seek personal excellence and fulfilment. According to Adler, everyone has it naturally

35
Q

sublimation

A

the transformation of sexual aggressive energies into culturally acceptable, even admirable behaviour

36
Q

superego

A

it contains the memory of rules and prohibitions we learned from our parents and others

37
Q

transference

A

you might react to your therapist, or your husband or wife, or other people in a particular way because they remind you of someone else, especially your parents

38
Q

unconditional positive regard

A

it is the complete, unqualified acceptance of another person as he or she is

39
Q

unconscious

A

a repository of memories, emotions, and thoughts, many of them illogical, that affect our behaviour even though we cannot talk about them.

40
Q

What are Freud’s psychosexual stages?

A

Freud believed that many unconscious thoughts and motives are sexual in nature. He proposed that people progress through stages or periods of psychosexual development-oral, anal, phallic, latent, and genital-and that frustration at any stage fixates the libido at that stage.

41
Q

Who is Freud, Jung and Adler?

A
  • Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis, proposed that much of what we do and say has hidden meanings. However, most psychologists today doubt most of his interpretations of those hidden meanings
  • Carl Jung believed that all people share a collective unconscious that represents the experience of our ancestors.
  • Alfred Adler proposed that people’s primary motivation is a striving for superiority. Each person adopts his or her own method of striving, and to understand people, we need to understand their goals and beliefs.
42
Q

agreeableness

A

A tendency to be compassionate toward others. It implies a concern for the welfare of other people and it is closely related to Adler’s concept of social interest.

43
Q

belief in a just world

A

maintain that life is fair and people usually get what they deserve

44
Q

Big five personality traits or five-factor model

A

emotional stability, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to new experience

45
Q

conscientiousness

A

A tendency to show self-discipline, to be dutiful, and to strive for achievement and competence

46
Q

emotional stability

A

a tendency to minimise unpleasant emotions

47
Q

extraversion

A

A tendency to seek stimulation and to enjoy the company of other people

48
Q

idiographic approach

A

it concentrates on intensive studies of individuals, looking for what makes someone special

49
Q

neuroticism

A

a tendency to experience negative emotions and respond poorly to stressors

50
Q

nomothetic approach

A

it seeks broad, general principles of personality based on studies of groups of people

51
Q

openness to experience

A

A tendency to enjoy new intellectual experiences and new ideas

52
Q

self-esteem

A

the evaluation of one’s own abilities, performance and worth

53
Q

state

A

temporary activation of a particular behaviour

54
Q

trait

A

consistent tendency in behaviour such as shyness, hostility, or talkativeness

55
Q

trait approach to personality

A

people have consistent characteristics in their behaviour

56
Q

unshared environment

A

the aspects of the environment that differ from one individual to another, even with a family. It relates to the variation among people’s personalities

57
Q

What are the 5 major personality traits?

A

emotionally stability, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness and openness to new experiences

58
Q

What are determinants of personality?

A

Studies of twins and adopted children indicate that heredity contributes to the observed differences in personality. However, no single gene controls much of the variance. Family environment evidently contributes rather little. Some personality variation relates to an unshared environment, the special experiences that vary from one person to another even within a family.

59
Q

Personality changes over age

A

Compared to younger people, older people tend to be higher in conscientiousness, agreeableness, and emotional stability. They are somewhat lower in extraversion.Openness to experience decreases with age in most countries.

60
Q

Personality changes over generations

A

Measurements of anxiety have gradually increased over the decades so that normal people now report anxiety levels that used to characterise people in mental hospitals. American teenagers today report more desire for wealth than teenagers of the past did, while also reporting less intention to work hard.

61
Q

what are problems with measurement personality?

A

personality researchers rely mostly on self-reports, which are not entirely accurate

62
Q

Barnum Effect

A

it is the tendency to accept vague descriptions of our personality

63
Q

implicit personality test

A

it measures some aspect of your personality without your awareness

64
Q

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

A

it consists of true-false questions intended to measure certain personality dimensions, especially for identifying clinical conditions

65
Q

MMPI-2

A

it is the second edition of the MMPI

66
Q

NEO personality inventory revised (NEO PI-R)

A

it includes 240 items to measure neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness and conscientiousness

67
Q

projective techniques

A

they are designed to encourage people to project their personality characteristics onto ambiguous stimuli

68
Q

Rorschach inkblots

A

a projective technique based on people’s interpretations of 10 ambiguous inkblots

69
Q

standardised test

A

it is one that is administered according to rules that specify how to interpret the results

70
Q

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

A

the person is asked to make up a story for each picture, describing what event led up to this scene, what is happening now, and what will happen in the future
The assumption is that when you tell a story about someone in the drawing, you probably identify with the person, and so the story is really about yourself

71
Q

Why do people tend to accept personality test results?

A

because most people accept almost any interpretation of their personality based on a personality test, and the tests must be carefully scrutinised to ensure that they are measuring what they claim to measure

72
Q

How do researchers detect lies?

A

The MMPI and other tests guard against lying by including items about common faults and rare virtues. Anyone who denies common faults or claims rare virtues is probably lying.

73
Q

What are uses and misuses of personality tests?

A

Personality tests can help assess personality, but their results should be interpreted cau-tiously. Because the tests are not entirely accurate, a score that seems characteristic of a psychological disorder may occur also in many people without that disorder.

74
Q

What about criminal personality profiling? Is it accurate?

A

Some psychologists try to aid police investigations by constructing personality profiles of the kind of person who would commit a certain crime. Research so far suggests low accuracy of personality profiles

Psychology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions