Memory

Question 1

Chunking

Answer 1

grouping items into meaningful sequences or clusters

Question 2

consolidation

Answer 2

It is converting a short-term memory into a long-term memory

Question 3

cued recall

Answer 3

Where you receive significant hints about the material as your accuracy improves with it

Question 4

declarative memory

Answer 4

they are memories we can readily state in words

Question 5

episodic memory

Answer 5

it is the memory for specific events in your life

Question 6

executive functioning

Answer 6

it governs shifts of attention

Question 7

explicit memory

Answer 7

It is someone who states an answer regards it as a product of memory

Question 8

free recall

Answer 8

It is a research method. To recall something is to produce a response, as you do on essay tests or short-answer tests

Question 9

implicit memory

Answer 9

It is an experience that influences what you say or do even though you might not be aware of the influence

Question 10

information-processing model

Answer 10

It compares human memory to that of a computer: information that enters the system is processed, coded, and stored

Question 11

long-term memory

Answer 11

it is a relatively permanent store

Question 12

memory

Answer 12

it is the retention of information

Question 13

procedural memory

Answer 13

they are memories of how to do something

Question 14

priming

Answer 14

Reading or hearing a word temporarily results in priming that would and increases the chance that you will use it yourself

Question 15

recognition

Answer 15

Another method to test memory. It is when someone chooses the correct item among several options

Question 16

savings method

Answer 16

4th method. It detects weak memories by comparing the speed of original learning to the speed of relearning

Question 17

semantic memory

Answer 17

it is the memory of principles and facts

Question 18

short-term memory

Answer 18

it is a temporary shortage of recent events

Question 19

source amnesia

Answer 19

forgetting when, where, or how you learned something

Question 20

working memory

Answer 20

it is a system for working with current information

Question 21

Ebbinghaus’s approach

Answer 21

Hermann Ebbinghaus pioneered the experimental study of memory by testing his own ability to memorise and retain lists of nonsense syllables.

Question 22

Methods of testing memory

Answer 22

free recall, cued recall, recognition, savings method

Question 23

What are the types of memories

Answer 23

declarative, episodic, explicit, implicit, long-term, short-term, procedural, semantic, working

Question 24

What method do suspect lineups use?

Answer 24

Suspect lineups are an example of the recognition method of testing memory. Unfortunately, witnesses sometimes choose the best available choice, which may not be correct. Psychologists have recommended ways to decrease inaccurate identification

Question 25

Depth-of-processing principle

Answer 25

How easily you retrieve a memory depends on the number and types of associations you form

Question 26

Encoding specificity principle

Answer 26

The associations you form at the time of learning will be the most effective retrieval cues later

Question 27

hindsight bias

Answer 27

It is the tendency to mould out recollection of the past to fit how events later turned out

Question 28

hypermnesia

Answer 28

it is when you gain memory over time

Question 29

Method of Loci

Answer 29

First, you memorise a series of places, and then you use a vivid image to associate each location with something you want to remember

Question 30

Mnemonic device

Answer 30

It is any memory aid based on encoding items in a special way

Question 31

primacy effect

Answer 31

It is the tendency to remember the first items well

Question 32

recency effect

Answer 32

It is the tendency to remember the final items

Question 33

reconstruction

Answer 33

During an experience, you construct a memory. When you try to retrieve that memory, you reconstruct an account based partly on distinct memories and partly on your expectations of what must have happened

Question 34

retrieval cue

Answer 34

If you form many associations, there are many possible reminders (retrieval cues) that can be used to prompt your memory later

Question 35

What are influences on memory encoding?

Answer 35

Arousal enhances memory coding. Memory is best for the first and last items of a list, anything that is unusual, and items familiar since childhood.

Question 36

What does retrieval say about memory?

Answer 36

Memory is unlike a recording. Something that you forget at first, you may recall later. Focusing on one aspect of a memory weakens other aspects.

Question 37

What is the depth-of-processing Model of Memory?

Answer 37

1. superficial processing: repeat the material to be remembered. “Eagle, Bear, Panda, Wolf, Elephant, Parrot”
2. deeper processing: think about each item. 2 start with E and 2 with P
3. still deeper processing: note that 2 are birds and 4 are mammals. Also, 3 are predators and 3 are herbivores.

Question 38

Alzheimer’s disease

Answer 38

A condition occurring mostly in old age, characterised by increasingly severe memory loss, confusion,depression, disorder thinking and impaired attention

Question 39

Amnesia

Answer 39

loss of memory

Question 40

anterograde amnesia

Answer 40

It is the inability to store new long-term memories

Question 41

confabulations

Answer 41

They are attempts to fill in the gaps in their memory

Question 42

dissociation

Answer 42

It refers to memory that one has stored but cannot retrieve

Question 43

early childhood/infantile amnesia

Answer 43

the scarcity of early episodic memories

Question 44

false memory

Answer 44

it is an inaccurate report that someone believes to be a memory

Question 45

hippocampus

Answer 45

it is a large forebrain structure in the interior of the temporal lobe

Question 46

Karsakoff’s syndrome

Answer 46

It is a condition caused by a prolonged deficiency of vitamin B (thiamine), usually as a result of chronic alcoholism

Question 47

proactive interference

Answer 47

old material increase forgetting of new materials

Question 48

recovered memory

Answer 48

They are reports of long-lost memories, prompted by clinical techniques

Question 49

repression

Answer 49

It is the process of moving an unacceptable memory or impulse from the conscious mind to the unconscious mind

Question 50

retroactive interference

Answer 50

the new materials increase forgetting of old materials

Question 51

retrograde amnesia

Answer 51

It is the loss of memory for events that occurred shortly before the brain damage

Question 52

What occurs when the prefrontal cortex is damaged?

Answer 52

Patients with damage to the prefrontal cortex give confident wrong answers, known as confabulations. Most confabulations were correct information earlier in the person’s life

Question 53

What is the debate between the “recovered memory” VS “false memory”?

Answer 53

Some therapists have used hypnosis or suggestions to try to help people remember painful experiences. Many researchers doubt the accuracy of those recovered memories. Suggestions can induce people to distort memories or report events that did not happen.

Question 54

What is interference in memory?

Answer 54

When someone learns several similar sets of material, the earlier ones interfere with retrieval of later ones by proactive interference. The later ones interfere with earlier ones by retroactive interference. Interference is a major cause of forgetting.

Question 55

What happens after damage to the hippocampus?

Answer 55

H. M. and other patients with damage to the hippocampus have great difficulty storing new long-term declarative memories, especially episodic memories, although they form normal short-term, procedural, and implicit memories.