Memory Flashcards
Chunking
grouping items into meaningful sequences or clusters
consolidation
It is converting a short-term memory into a long-term memory
cued recall
Where you receive significant hints about the material as your accuracy improves with it
declarative memory
they are memories we can readily state in words
episodic memory
it is the memory for specific events in your life
executive functioning
it governs shifts of attention
explicit memory
It is someone who states an answer regards it as a product of memory
free recall
It is a research method. To recall something is to produce a response, as you do on essay tests or short-answer tests
implicit memory
It is an experience that influences what you say or do even though you might not be aware of the influence
information-processing model
It compares human memory to that of a computer: information that enters the system is processed, coded, and stored
long-term memory
it is a relatively permanent store
memory
it is the retention of information
procedural memory
they are memories of how to do something
priming
Reading or hearing a word temporarily results in priming that would and increases the chance that you will use it yourself
recognition
Another method to test memory. It is when someone chooses the correct item among several options
savings method
4th method. It detects weak memories by comparing the speed of original learning to the speed of relearning
semantic memory
it is the memory of principles and facts
short-term memory
it is a temporary shortage of recent events
source amnesia
forgetting when, where, or how you learned something
working memory
it is a system for working with current information
Ebbinghaus’s approach
Hermann Ebbinghaus pioneered the experimental study of memory by testing his own ability to memorise and retain lists of nonsense syllables.
Methods of testing memory
free recall, cued recall, recognition, savings method
What are the types of memories
declarative, episodic, explicit, implicit, long-term, short-term, procedural, semantic, working
What method do suspect lineups use?
Suspect lineups are an example of the recognition method of testing memory. Unfortunately, witnesses sometimes choose the best available choice, which may not be correct. Psychologists have recommended ways to decrease inaccurate identification
Depth-of-processing principle
How easily you retrieve a memory depends on the number and types of associations you form
Encoding specificity principle
The associations you form at the time of learning will be the most effective retrieval cues later
hindsight bias
It is the tendency to mould out recollection of the past to fit how events later turned out
hypermnesia
it is when you gain memory over time
Method of Loci
First, you memorise a series of places, and then you use a vivid image to associate each location with something you want to remember
Mnemonic device
It is any memory aid based on encoding items in a special way
primacy effect
It is the tendency to remember the first items well
recency effect
It is the tendency to remember the final items
reconstruction
During an experience, you construct a memory. When you try to retrieve that memory, you reconstruct an account based partly on distinct memories and partly on your expectations of what must have happened
retrieval cue
If you form many associations, there are many possible reminders (retrieval cues) that can be used to prompt your memory later
What are influences on memory encoding?
Arousal enhances memory coding. Memory is best for the first and last items of a list, anything that is unusual, and items familiar since childhood.
What does retrieval say about memory?
Memory is unlike a recording. Something that you forget at first, you may recall later. Focusing on one aspect of a memory weakens other aspects.
What is the depth-of-processing Model of Memory?
- superficial processing: repeat the material to be remembered. “Eagle, Bear, Panda, Wolf, Elephant, Parrot”
- deeper processing: think about each item. 2 start with E and 2 with P
- still deeper processing: note that 2 are birds and 4 are mammals. Also, 3 are predators and 3 are herbivores.
Alzheimer’s disease
A condition occurring mostly in old age, characterised by increasingly severe memory loss, confusion,depression, disorder thinking and impaired attention
Amnesia
loss of memory
anterograde amnesia
It is the inability to store new long-term memories
confabulations
They are attempts to fill in the gaps in their memory
dissociation
It refers to memory that one has stored but cannot retrieve
early childhood/infantile amnesia
the scarcity of early episodic memories
false memory
it is an inaccurate report that someone believes to be a memory
hippocampus
it is a large forebrain structure in the interior of the temporal lobe
Karsakoff’s syndrome
It is a condition caused by a prolonged deficiency of vitamin B (thiamine), usually as a result of chronic alcoholism
proactive interference
old material increase forgetting of new materials
recovered memory
They are reports of long-lost memories, prompted by clinical techniques
repression
It is the process of moving an unacceptable memory or impulse from the conscious mind to the unconscious mind
retroactive interference
the new materials increase forgetting of old materials
retrograde amnesia
It is the loss of memory for events that occurred shortly before the brain damage
What occurs when the prefrontal cortex is damaged?
Patients with damage to the prefrontal cortex give confident wrong answers, known as confabulations. Most confabulations were correct information earlier in the person’s life
What is the debate between the “recovered memory” VS “false memory”?
Some therapists have used hypnosis or suggestions to try to help people remember painful experiences. Many researchers doubt the accuracy of those recovered memories. Suggestions can induce people to distort memories or report events that did not happen.
What is interference in memory?
When someone learns several similar sets of material, the earlier ones interfere with retrieval of later ones by proactive interference. The later ones interfere with earlier ones by retroactive interference. Interference is a major cause of forgetting.
What happens after damage to the hippocampus?
H. M. and other patients with damage to the hippocampus have great difficulty storing new long-term declarative memories, especially episodic memories, although they form normal short-term, procedural, and implicit memories.
