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Psychology > Development > Flashcards

Development Flashcards

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1
Q

Accommodation

A

It means modifying an old schema to fit a new object or problem

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2
Q

Assimilation

A

applying an old schema to new objects or problems

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3
Q

cohort

A

A group of people born at a particular time or a group of people who enter an organisation at a particular time

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4
Q

conservation

A

Preoperational children lack this concept as they fail to understand that objects conserve such properties as number, length, volume, area, and mass after changes in the shape or arrangement of the objects

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5
Q

cross-sectional study

A

it compares groups of individuals of different ages at the same time

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6
Q

dishabituation

A

when a change in a stimulus increases a previously habituated response

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7
Q

Fetal alcohol syndrome

A

It is a condition marked by malformations of the face, heart and ears; and nervous system damage, including seizures, hyperactivity, and impairments of learning, memory, problem solving, attention, and motor coordination
If the mother drinks alcohol during pregnancy, the infant may develop it

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8
Q

fetus

A

about 8 weeks after conception

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9
Q

egocentric

A

A child sees the world as centred around himself or herself and cannot easily take another person’s perspective

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10
Q

equilibration

A

It is the establishment of harmony or balance between the two (assimilation and accommodation)

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11
Q

habituation

A

it is the decreased response to a repeated stimulus

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12
Q

longitudinal study

A

it follows a single group of individuals as they develop

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13
Q

object permanence

A

It is the idea that objects continue to exist even when we do not see or hear them

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14
Q

operation

A

they are reversible mental processes

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15
Q

preoperational stage

A

The child lack operations
It is the second stage in Piaget’s stages of cognitive development. Throughout most of the preoperational stage, a child’s thinking is self-centred, or egocentric

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16
Q

schema

A

it is an organised way for interacting with objects

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17
Q

selective attrition

A

it is a tendency for certain kinds of people to drop out of a study for many reasons

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18
Q

sensorimotor stage

A

At this early age (1.5-2 years) behaviour is mostly simple motor responses to sensory stimuli

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19
Q

sequential design

A

A researcher starts with people of different ages and studies them again at later times

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20
Q

stage of concrete operations

A

When children perform mental operations on concrete objects but still have trouble with abstract or hypothetical ideas

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21
Q

stage of formal operations

A

Adolescents develop logical, deductive reasoning and systematic planning
Children reach this stage at about age 11

22
Q

theory of mind

A

It is an understanding that other people have a mind, too, and that each person knows some things that other people don’t know

23
Q

zone of proximal development

A

The distance between what a child can do alone and what is possible with help

24
Q

zygote

A

fertilised egg cell

25
Q

What are the stages and approximate age?

A
  1. sensorimotor (birth to 1.5 years)
  2. preoperational (1.5 to 7 years)
  3. concrete operations (7 to 11 years)
  4. formal operations (11 years onwards)
26
Q

prenatal development

A

The brain begins to mature long before birth. Exposure to drugs such as alcohol decreases brain activity and releases neurons’ self-destruct programs. Some people manage to do well in life despite unpromising circumstances.

27
Q

Piaget’s view of children’s thinking

A

According to Jean Piaget, children’s thought differs qualitatively from adults’ thought. He believed children grow intellectually through accommodation and assimilation.

28
Q

infant vision and hearing

A

Newborns stare at some visual patterns longer than others. They habituate to a repeated sound but dishabituate to a slightly different sound, indicating that they hear a difference.

29
Q

Vygotsky’s thinking

A

According to Lev Vygotsky, children must learn new abilities from adults or older children, but only within their zone of proximal development.

30
Q

What are some types of parenting styles?

A

authoritarian, authoritative, indifferent or uninvolved, permissive parents

31
Q

authoritarian parents

A

They set firm controls, but tend to be emotionally more distant from the child. They set riles without explaining the reasons behind them

32
Q

authoritative parents

A

They set high standards and impose controls, but they are also warm and responsive to the child’s communications
They set limits but adjust them when appropriate and encourage their children to strive towards their own goals

33
Q

biculturalism

A

the partial identification with two cultures

34
Q

gender roles

A

the different activities that society expects of males and females

35
Q

indifferent or uninvolved parents

A

They spend little time with their children and do little more than provide them with food and shelter

36
Q

permissive parent

A

they are warm and loving but undemanding

37
Q

What is the significance of birth order?

A

Many studies comparing firstborn versus later-born children have failed to separate the effects of birth order from the effects of family size. Much of the apparent difference between firstborns and later-borns is really a difference between children of small versus large families.

38
Q

Are there effects of non-traditional child care?

A

Researchers have found no important differences in personality development between children reared by gay or lesbian couples and those reared by heterosexual couples.

39
Q

Effects of divorce

A

Children of divorced parents often show signs of distress, but the results vary across individuals.

40
Q

attachment

A

A feeling of closeness towards another person

41
Q

identity achievement

A

It is the outcome of having explored various possible identities and then making one’s decision

42
Q

identity crisis

A

An adolescent’s concern with the decisions about the future and the quest for self-understanding

43
Q

Identity diffusion

A

Those who have not yet given any serious thought to making decisions and who have no clear sense of identity

44
Q

identity foreclosure

A

The state of reaching firm decisions without much thought

45
Q

identity moratorium

A

People considering the issues but not yet making decisions

46
Q

midlife transition

A

People go through a period of reassessing goals, setting new ones, and preparing for the rest of life

47
Q

still-face paradigm

A

A parent plays with a child and then suddenly shifts to an unresponsive, expressionless face. Infants who continue looking at the parent with a little sign of distress are likely to show a strong, secure attachment at a year old and beyond

48
Q

Strange Situation

A

A mother and her infant (12-18 months) come into a room with many toys. Then a stranger enters the room. The mother leaves and then returns. A few minutes later, both the stranger and the mother leave. Then the stranger returns and the mother returns
RESPONSES:
- Securely attached
- Anxious
- Avoidant
- Disorganised

49
Q

temperament

A

A children’s tendency to be active or inactive, and to respond vigorously or quietly to new stimuli

50
Q

terror-management theory

A

We cope with our fear of death by avoiding thoughts about death and by affirming a worldview that provides self-esteem, hope, and value in life

Psychology (11 decks)

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