Personality Flashcards by Allana Jellard

Unique & consistent pattern of
Feeling
Acting
Thinking
that characterise a person
What does this describe?

Personality

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What is the first assumption of Psychodynamic theory of personality?

The unconscious influences behaviour

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What are the 3 mental events of psychodynamic theory

Pre-conscious
Unconscious
Conscious

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What is pre-conscious?

Unaware of but can recall

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What is un-conscious?

wishes, feelings & impulses beyond awareness

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What are the 3 personality structures?

Id
Ego
Super Ego

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Largest structure, inner core, present at birth, psychic energy.
What personality structure does this describe?

The Id

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Contact with the conscious world & regulates impulses of the Id.
What personality structure does this describe?

The Ego

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Moral arm of personality.

What personality structure does this describe?

The Super Ego

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Name 8 unconscious defence mechanisms of the Ego that reduce anxiety

Repression, Rationalisation, Reaction form
Denial, Displacement
Intellectualisation
Projection
Sublimation

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Push anxiety memories into unconscious.

What defence mechanism does this describe?

Repression

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Person makes excuses for anxiety arousing behaviour.

What defence mechanism does this describe?

Rationalisation

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Mum represses resentment towards a child then becomes overprotective
What defence mechanism does this describe?

Reaction formation

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Refuse to acknowledge the anxiety of the environment.

What defence mechanism does this describe?

Denial

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Not angry at the boss but then takes it out on the wife.

What defence mechanism does this describe?

Displacement

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Repress then rationally explain it away.

What defence mechanism does this describe?

Intellectualisation

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Repress negative impulse then accuse others of doing it.

What defence mechanism does this describe?

Projection

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What defence mechanism does this describe?

Hostile impulse so becomes investigative reporter to ruin careers

Sublimation

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Name the 3 psychosexual stages

Oral
Anal
Phallic

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Infancy to 2 yrs, primary satisfaction from sucking.

What psychosexual stage does this describe?

Oral

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Begins 2-3 yrs. Pleasure on process of elimination

What psychosexual stage does this describe?

Anal

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Begins 4/5 yrs. Begin to derive pleasure from sexual organs

What psychosexual stage does this describe?

Phallic

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Who were the main 3 proponents of Social Cognitive theories of personality?

Albert Bandura
Julian Rotter
Walter Mischel & Yuichi Shoda

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What is the key concept of Albert Bandura?

Reciprocal Determinism

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Bandura combined behavioural & cognititve theories in a 2 way causal relationship. What are the 3 areas?

Environment Person's character Behaviour

Who were the 3 main behaviourists that Bandura referred to?

Pavlov Watson Skinner

Who was the main Psychodynamic theorist?

Freud

Who were the 2 main Humanistic theorists?

George Kelly | Carl Rogers

Who were the 2 main Trait theorist?

Allport | Cattell

What was Julian Rotter's 3 assumptions

Expectency Reinforcement value Locus Control

What does Rotter mean when he refers to Expectancy?

How likely are the consequences

What does Rotter mean when he refers to Reinforcement Value?

How much do we desire or dread the outcome

What does Rotter mean when he refers to Locus Control

Expectancy about degree of Personal control over our lives

What are Bandura's 4 classes of information that affect self-efficacy?

Performance experiences Observational learning Verbal persuasion Emotional arousal

What does Bandura mean when he refers to Performance Experiences?

Previous success or failure experienced on similar tasks

What does Bandura mean when he refers to Observational learning?

Observation of behaviours and consequences to similar models in similar situations

What does Bandura mean when he refers to Verbal persuasion?

Encouraging or discouraging messages received from others

What does Bandura mean when he refers to emotional arousal?

Arousal that can be interpreted as enthusiasm or anxiety

What does Bandura mean when he refers to Self-efficacy beliefs?

Belief about ability to perform the behaviours needed to achieve desired outcomes

Who developed CAPS

Walter Mischel & Yuichi Shoda

What does CAPS stand for?

Cognititive-Affective Personality System

What are the 5 questions of CAPS?

1. What is my perception of the situation? 2. How likely outcome due to behaviour 3. How much do I want or avoid outcome 4. How do I feel about this? 5. Do I have the behaviour skills needed

A Personality psychologist is also known as a what?

Trait theorist

cognitive, emotional & behavioural characteristics establish individual identities and distinguish them from others. What does this describe?

Personality traits

What is the goal of the trait theorist?

condense behavioural descriptors into a managable number to capture personal individuality

What was Cattel's widely used personality test called?

16 personality factor questionnaire

Who developed the 5 Factor model?

McCrae & Costa

What is the 5 factor model also known as?

OCEAN

What does OCEAN stand for?

``` Open V close experience Conscientious V lost Extravert V Introvert Agree V Antagonism Neurotic V Stable ```

Who believed that 16 dimensions is more than what is needed?

McCrae & Costa

What are the drawbacks in trait theories?

Personality is not consistent across situations although it is meant to be consistent over time

What are the 3 factors that make it difficult to predict on the basis of personality traits?

1. They interact with other traits as well as situations 2. The degree of consistency varies for each person 3. People differ in the way they tailor their behaviour to the situation

What are the 3 main principles of Humanistic theories?

1. Behaviour is a response to the NOW experience in the environment. 2. Phenomenological - Attention on the present. 3. Positive view that we strive towards personal growth.

What is Phrenology?

measuring bumps & valleys in the skull to determine personality

Is Phrenology reliable & valid

What are the 3 basic requirements of tests and measures?

1. must meet scientific standards 2. Reliability - test consistent & stable 3. Validity - does it test, measure & score what it claims

What 3 things can we check to see if a test performs consistently?

1. test/retest - reliably consistent over time 2. Internal consistency (agree with one then agree with other questions re extrovert.) 3. Inter-rater reliability - 2 observers give a similar rating to observed behaviour

What are the 4 main criteria for checking validity of a test?

1. Face validity 2. Content validity 3. Criterion validity 4. Construct validity

What is face validity

Does it measure what it appears to be measuring

What is content validity?

Does the scale measure all characteristics that is claims to be measuring? Extroversion is not just talkative & flirty. It can also be loud, expressive & energetic

What is criterion validity?

Can the scores be used to predict behaviours in the real world

What is construct validity?

Does our measure correlate strongly with other measures of the same construct

There are 2 types of construct validity. What are they?

Convergent & Discriminant

What is convergent construct validity?

correlate strongly with other measures of the same construct

What is discriminant construct validity?

Does not correlate with other measures of a different construct. E.g., scores are the same for a personality test as they are for an intelligence test.

Can measures be reliable but not valid?

Yes. Phrenology. Everyone has bumps but has nothing to do with personality.

If a measure is not reliable, can it be valid?

No. e.g., Elastic band ruler

Who is the founding father of Psychodynamic theory - The first comprehensive theory of personality?

Sigmund Freud

What are 4 aspects of Freudian theory?

1. levels of consciousness 2. Structural model of personality 3. Defense mechanisms 4. Psychosexual development

The Ego is also known as the what?

Executive

The ego attempts to negotiate the conflicts between what?

Id & Super Ego

What happens when ego fails to negotiate conflicts?

We feel anxious & uncomfortable

How does the ego reduce anxiety

It distorts reality using defense mechanisms

What is the most important defense mechanism?

Repression

Freud thought that if internal conflicts were not resolved during each stage (oral, anal, phallic) then what would occur?

fixation or maladaptive behaviours

1. More emphasis on conscious mind 2. Less emphasis on sex & aggression 3. Personality development extends beyond childhood. What theorists does this describe?

Neo-Fraudians